Transcript How to write references

References
Prof. Nikos Siafakas MD,PhD.
University of Crete
Why do we include references in
a paper?




To support argumentation
To avoid accusations of
plagiarism
To show respect on other
people’s work
Referencing systems

Harvard system

APA system

Vancouver system

Combined Alphabet-Number system
How to write References: Library and Learning Resources. [Online] 2010 [cited 2010 Apr 20]; Available from: URL:http://library.bcu.ac.uk
Harvard system


1.
Citation-by-author-and-date system
(the paper is identified by first
author’s name and year of
publication)
References are in alphabetical order
The University of Queensland. References/Bibliography Harvard Style: Based on Style manual for authors, editors and printers / revised by Snooks & Co 2002. [Online] 2009
[cited 2010 Apr 20]; Available from: URL: http://www.library.uq.edu.au/training/citation/harvard_6.pdf
APA system


American Psychological Association referencing
system
In-text citations include the following information:
• Author’s name
• Date
• Page number
Vancouver system



Most journals in medical sciences use the
Vancouver system
Citation-by-reference number
In the list the references are in a numeric
order in which they are first cited in the
manuscript
The University of Queensland. References/Bibliography Vancouver Style “How-to” guide. [Online] 2005 [cited 2010 Apr 20]; Available from:
URL:http://www.library.uq.edu.au/training/citation/vancouv.pdf
Combined Alphabet-Number
system


References are alphabetically listed
according to author’s name
Cited by numbers in the text
Uniform Requirements for
Manuscripts submitted to
Biomedical Journals



References in numeric order
References are cited in parentheses with
Arabic numerals in a sequential order
(as they first appear in text or table or
figure legend)
Titles of journals are abbreviated
according to the style adopted by the
NLM used for its journals database
Reference programs





REFERENCE MANAGER
1)collects references from on line
databases eg PubMed
2)organize your personal references into
files
3)publish your Ref. collection to the Web
4)format bibliographies
INSTANTLY(>1000 journals)
Reference of a book








Names of authors, editors, compilers or the
institution responsible (six et al, if more than six
authors)
Title of publication
Edition if other than first
Place of publication
Publisher
Year of publication
Page numbers
Series title and volume (if any)
The University of Queensland. References/Bibliography Vancouver Style “How-to” guide. [Online] 2005 [cited 2010 Apr 20]; Available from:
URL:http://www.library.uq.edu.au/training/citation/vancouv.pdf
Reference of a book
Author’s name
Title
Siafakas NM, Anthonisen NR, Georgopoulos
D, editors. Acute Exacerbations of Chronic
Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. New York
(NY): Marcel Dekker Inc; 2004.
Place
Date
Publisher
Reference of a journal article

Name of authors (six et al if more than six authors)

Title of article

Title of journal (abbreviated)

Year (month/day not necessary) of publication

Volume number (and issue/part)

Page number (no use of unnecessary digits)
The University of Queensland. References/Bibliography Vancouver Style “How-to” guide. [Online] 2005 [cited 2010 Apr 20]; Available from: URL:http://www.library.uq.edu.au/training/citation/vancouv.pdf
Reference of a journal article
Some details to acknowledge:









Organization as an author
No author
Article not in English: do not provide translation
Volume with supplement
Issue with supplement
Volume with part
Issue with no volume
No issue or volume
Pagination in Roman numerals
A practical guide for health researchers: Guidelines on how to write references for scientific papers. [Online] [cited 20 Apr
2010]; Available from: URL:http://whqlibdoc.who.int/emro/2004/9290213639_annex4.pdf]
Reference of a journal article
Journal
Article title
Author’s name

Siafakas N. “In the Beginning” of COPD:
is evolution important? Am J Respir Crit
Care Med. 2007; 175(5):423-4
Date
Volume
Issue
Pages
Other types of reference (DON’T
DO IT)




Newspaper articles
•
Information must be given as in the case of a journal
(full date of publication must be described)
Websites
•
Web site address/URL (accessed date)
Conference proceedings
•
Information must be given like in the case of a book
Interviews
•
Names of the interviewer & interviewee, date
Most important points of a list of
references





Keep it accurate
Provide all the relevant details
Keep it short (no prizes for quantity)
Use a consistent format for the references
Avoid cross-referencing from
other articles without
having read the original paper
Cunningham SJ. How to . . . write a paper. J Orthod. 2004; 31(1):47-51
Lilleyman JS. How to write a scientific paper – a rough guide to getting published. Arch Dis Child. 1995; 72(3):268-70
Tips

Make complete photocopies of the articles
which are being referred (incl. page numbers,
name of journal, issue etc.)


Referencing a website  note the web
page
Interviews  make a note of the date
How to write References: Library and Learning Resources. [Online] 2010
[cited 2010 Apr 20]; Available from: URL:http://library.bcu.ac.uk
Few untold details and
‘instructions’





Reviewers randomly select a couple of
references and check them
Inaccurate style or content ‘reflects’
negatively
Abstracts as references should be avoided
Accepted articles are cited as ‘In press’ or
‘Forthcoming’ after written permission
In case of not available sources, personal
communication should be obtained with
written permission BUT avoid them
International Committee of Medical Journal Editors. Preparing a Manuscript for Submission to a Biomedical Journal. [Online] 2009 [cited 2010 Apr 20]
References and Reviewers
(Tips)

Editors or Associate Editors usually find
reviewers from the names of authors of
the first few references
References and Reviewers
(Tips)

If your results and conclusions are
against current knowledge, you could
discuss with a humbled and not at all in
a dogmatic manner, since same of the
conflicting results may have been
reported by one of your reviewers!
Conclusions

Making the list of references shows
professionalism SO BE ACCURATE

Different formats of referencing; ensure
you are using the correct format for the
journal in question. READ THE
INSTRUCTIONS