Transcript Plagiarism and Correct Documentation by Karey Perkins

Plagiarism 1
Plagiarism and
Correct Documentation
by
Karey Perkins
Plagiarism 2
TABLE OF CONTENTS
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Plagiarism: Definition and Consequences
Types of Plagiarism
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Copyright Law
Pop Quiz 1
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What is Common Knowledge
Transferring information
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Conscious Plagiarism – Stealing
Conscious Plagiarism - Lying and Falsifying
Plagiarism due to Laziness, Confusion, Carelessness
Inadvertent Plagiarism
QUOTES
PARAPHRASES
SUMMARIES
Pop Quiz 2
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When to cite and when not to cite
Plagiarism 3
CONTENTS: In-Text Citations
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Formatting in-text citations
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Citing a PARAPHRASE
Citing a QUOTE
Citing a source with NO AUTHOR
Citing INTERNET SOURCES
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Formatting the entire paper
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Citing Internet Sources: PARAPHRASES
Citing Internet Sources: QUOTES
Running Head
Title Page
The Abstract
The First Page/Inside Pages
The References Page
Pop Quiz 3
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When to Underline, Italicize or Quote Titles
Plagiarism 4
CONTENTS: The References Page
Writing Entries for your References Page
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References page entry for a BOOK
References page entry for a NEWSPAPER or MAGAZINE ARTICLE
References page entry for a JOURNAL ARTICLE (print version)
References page entry for a SELECTION FROM AN EDITED BOOK
References page entries for INTERNET SOURCES
References page entry for a Web Page or File from a Website
References page entry for an ELECTRONIC LIBRARY SOURCE
References page entry for an ELECTRONIC PRINT SOURCE
References page entry for a source from an ELECTRONIC LIBRARY
DATABASE (Proquest, EBSCOHost, Lexis-Nexus, etc.)
POP QUIZ 4: Newspaper Documentation Activity
POP QUIZ 5: Essay in Book Documentation Activity
Daily Work Portfolio
Plagiarism 5
PLAGIARISM…
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…is a violation of U.S. copyright law with severe
consequences.
Academically, the consequences are:
 “First offense: an “F” on the piece of work, and written
record sent to Student Services
 Second offense: an “F” for the course, and written
record sent to Student Services
 Third offense: expulsion from school.
Other consequences are:
 Loss of credibility
 Loss of authority
 Loss of job
 Loss of revenue for owner of the original property
Consequences of Careless
Documentation and Citation
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Plagiarism 6
The NRA’s and conservative groups’ “lynching” of Emory
history professor Michael Bellisiles’ Arming America: The
Origins of a National Gun Culture:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arming_America,_The_Origins_of
_a_National_Gun_Culture
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http://chronicle.com/free/v51/i17/17a00802.htm
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http://www.rbs2.com/plag.htm
Plagiarism 7
But what is “plagiarism”?
It is presenting other’s work, words, or ideas as
your own, or documenting such work incorrectly,
whether intentional or not intentional.
There are four kinds or levels of plagiarism:
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Cheating or Stealing
Lying and Falsifying
Plagiarism due to Laziness, Confusion, Carelessness
Inadvertent Plagiarism
Plagiarism 8
Conscious Plagiarism - Stealing
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Copying from another’s exam, homework,
term paper, computer program, etc.
Buying a term paper
Submitting work done by another person
Allowing another person to use your work
Using a source forbidden by the instructor,
such as Cliff Notes
Plagiarism 9
Lying and Falsifying
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Presenting one’s own work, words, or data as
if it came from an outside source
Making up statistical data
Making up interviews
Falsifying or making up lab tests, results
Falsifying citations in term papers
Plagiarism 10
Plagiarism due to
Laziness, Confusion, Carelessness
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Failure to credit source of ideas
Failure to credit source of exact words or
phrases
Penalty often the same as for cheating, unless
professor elects otherwise
Plagiarism 11
Inadvertent Plagiarism
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Failure to credit source of some words or
phrases through quotation marks, even if
source is cited
Failure to credit sentence structure of original
through quotation marks, even if source is
cited
Ignorance, unfamiliarity with subject or
language primary causes
Penalties less severe in undergraduate work
Reasons students perceive
plagiarism as “worth it”
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Plagiarism 12
Work submitted by deadline
Better grade on the piece of work
Better grade in the course
Respect of the professor for the quality of the
work
Admiration of peers
Plagiarism 13
Reasons to not plagiarize
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No risk of “F” on work or class or expulsion
Adds credibility to work and to student
Adds authority to the work itself
Gives sense of pride in the work
Self-respect and professor/colleague’s respect
Allows reader to find original source
Gives “credit where credit is due”
It’s the right thing to do
Plagiarism 14
If Plagiarism is Suspected…
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Proof of plagiarism does NOT lie with
professor
Proof of authenticity of work lies with student
Professor may require:
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Notes and/or draft of paper
Oral examination
New examination, proctored by professor
Copy of actual source material
Any other type of proof
Plagiarism 15
Under Copyright Law, a Writer Owns
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His/her own IDEAS (NOT general information or
common knowledge)
AND
His/her own WORDS through which the ideas are
expressed
AND
His/her own SYNTAX (sentence formation)
through which the words are ordered for style, effect,
and clarity
Plagiarism 16
Copyright Law – “Fair Use”
Can use without author’s permission but still must cite
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One of the rights accorded to the owner of copyright is the right to reproduce or to
authorize others to reproduce the work in copies or phonorecords. This right is
subject to certain limitations found in sections 107 through 118 of the Copyright
Act (title 17, U. S. Code). One of the more important limitations is the doctrine of
“fair use.” Although fair use was not mentioned in the previous copyright law, the
doctrine has developed through a substantial number of court decisions over the
years. This doctrine has been codified in section 107 of the copyright law.
Section 107 contains a list of the various purposes for which the reproduction of a
particular work may be considered “fair,” such as criticism, comment, news
reporting, teaching, scholarship, and research. Section 107 also sets out four factors
to be considered in determining whether or not a particular use is fair:
 the purpose and character of the use, including whether such use is of
commercial nature or is for nonprofit educational purposes;
 the nature of the copyrighted work;
 amount and substantiality of the portion used in relation to the copyrighted
work as a whole; and
 the effect of the use upon the potential market for or value of the
copyrighted work.
The distinction between “fair use” and infringement may be unclear and not easily
defined. There is no specific number of words, lines, or notes that may safely be
taken without permission. Acknowledging the source of the copyrighted material
does not substitute for obtaining permission.
United States Copyright Office. Retrieved March 2, 2007, from:
http://www.copyright.gov/fls/fl102.html
Access the quiz worksheet HERE
Plagiarism 17
Pop Quiz 1: Which statements below are
common knowledge? Why or why not?
1. Robert Frost recited the poem, “The Gift Outright,” on January 20, 1961,
for John F. Kennedy’s inaugural address.
2. Sugar causes tooth decay in children and adults.
3. The earth is 93.2 million miles from the sun.
4. It seems that the majority of people find their solutions to problems or
puzzles not through labored and sequential logical calculations, but
through an “aha! experience,” an instantaneous insight arising from the
subconscious.
5. Universal grammatical rules do not originate in any brain location or
through a genetic determination, but rather, they emerge spontaneously
and evolve through adaptation.
6. Elephants are mammals of the pachyderm family of the Proboscidea
order, and only three living species remain: the African Bush Elephant,
the African Forest Elephant, and the Asian, or Indian, Elephant.
Plagiarism 18
1, 2, 3, and 6 are common knowledge;
4 and 5 are NOT and so MUST BE CITED
1. Robert Frost recited the poem, “The Gift Outright,” on January 20, 1961,
for John F. Kennedy’s inaugural address.
2. Sugar causes tooth decay in children and adults.
3. The earth is 93.2 million miles from the sun.
4. It seems that the majority of people found their solutions to problems or
puzzles not through labored and sequential logical calculations, but
through an “aha! experience,” an instantaneous insight arising from the
subconscious (Csikszentmihalyi, 1997, p. 104-5).
5. Universal grammatical rules do not originate in any brain location or
through a genetic determination, but rather, they emerge spontaneously
and evolve through adaptation (Deacon, 1997).
6. Elephants are mammals of the pachyderm family of the Proboscidea
order, and only three living species remain: the African Bush Elephant,
the African Forest Elephant, and the Asian, or Indian, Elephant.
Author’s unique ideas (must cite)
vs.
Common knowledge (don’t cite)
Author’s unique ideas (must cite)
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Information that the author has
researched herself
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Information that the author has
discovered (his own
experiments, etc.) himself
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Thoughts, insights, opinions,
and ideas of the author that
are original to that author
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Author’s own synthesis of
other’s information or own
conclusions from other’s
information
Plagiarism 19
Common knowledge (don’t cite)
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Information that appears in
multiple sources
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Information that most educated
people know, though they may
have to remind themselves by
checking a reference book
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You may not already know the
information before you find it in
your source, but if it conforms
to one of the above criteria, it
is still common knowledge
Transferring information from
your source to your paper
Plagiarism 20
When you put another’s work, words, or ideas within
the text of your paper, you may
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QUOTE
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PARAPHRASE
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SUMMARIZE
Plagiarism 21
QUOTES
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Convey your author’s ideas in the AUTHOR’S words, not your
own words.
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ALL word-for-word renditions MUST BE IN QUOTATION
MARKS. (i.e.: Don’t forget the “ ”)
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In in-text citations for quotes, you need page numbers in addition
to author and year: (Smith, 1999, p. 45).
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If passage is 40 or more words, indent the quote (APA style
only) and leave out the quotations marks.
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Integrate quote smoothly and correctly.
Plagiarism 22
Quote the author EXACTLY
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Quote EXACTLY (word-for-word, punctuation for punctuation).
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Even if the author makes a mistake, you must include it (with a [sic] after
the mistake).
“The nation must follow thier [sic] example” (Jones, 2005, p. A1).
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If you add your own words for clarity, BRACKET your additions.
“He [President Bush] vowed to veto the [stem-cell research]
bill” (Jones, 2006, p. A8).
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If you subtract unnecessary words, use an ellipses (3 dots) (…) Have a
period after the ellipses if it is at end of sentence (4 dots) (….)
“He [President Bush] cited numerous reasons for a troop surge…. Chief
among them was the need to ‘win’ in Iraq” (Jones, 2007, p. A1).
If you have a quote within a quote, use single quotes for the inside quote,
not double quotes. (See example above.)
Plagiarism 23
WHEN to quote
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quote sparingly, usually no more than 10-15% of your
citations
quote if author has said something
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Uniquely worded
Technical and difficult to translate
Something you will object to or refute
Speaker is famous or has special authority
don’t begin or end paragraph with a quote
Plagiarism 24
PARAPHRASES
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convey your author’s ideas in YOUR own words, not his
keep the same amount of information and detail – the
passage in your paper should be same length and text space
as the passage in your source
 do not skip points
 do not guess at meanings (i.e.: inserting your ideas)
 do not interpret (i.e.: inserting your ideas)
 only after you cite the paraphrase will you then add
your comments
Plagiarism 25
Paraphrase without plagiarizing
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COMPLETELY restate the material
transform your author’s diction (words)
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Unique words must be changed
Simple common words may stay same
But no more than 3 words same in a row
See handbook examples
transform your author’s syntax (sentence structure)
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For example, if your author begin with a prepositional
phrase, you should not
See handbook examples
Plagiarism 26
Paragraph to paraphrase
These two minds, the emotional and the rational, operate in
tight harmony for the most part, intertwining their very
different ways of knowing to guide us through the world.
Ordinarily there is a balance between the emotional and
rational minds, with emotion feeding into and refining and
sometimes vetoing the inputs of the emotions. Still, the
emotional and rational minds are semi-independent faculties,
each, as we shall see, reflecting the operation of distinct, but
interconnected, circuitry of the brain (Goleman 1995).
Plagiarism 27
Unacceptable paraphrase
ORIGINAL: These two minds, the
emotional and the rational, operate
in tight harmony for the most part,
intertwining their very different
ways of knowing to guide us
through the world. Ordinarily there
is a balance between the emotional
and rational minds, with emotion
feeding into and refining and
sometimes vetoing the inputs of the
emotions. Still, the emotional and
rational minds are semi-independent
faculties, each, as we shall see,
reflecting the operation of distinct,
but interconnected, circuitry of the
brain (Goleman 1995).
UNACCEPTABLE PARAPHRASE:
The emotional and the rational parts of
our mind operate in tight harmony for
the most part as they help us make our
way through our lives. Usually the two
minds are balanced, with emotional
feeding into and informing the
operations of the rational mind, and the
rational mind refining and sometimes
overruling what the emotions desire.
Still, the emotional and rational minds
are semi-independent faculties, for as
research shows, although they function
separately, they are linked to the brain
(Goleman 1995).
Plagiarism 28
Acceptable paraphrase
ORIGINAL: These two minds, the
emotional and the rational, operate in
tight harmony for the most part,
intertwining their very different ways
of knowing to guide us through the
world. Ordinarily there is a balance
between the emotional and rational
minds, with emotion feeding into and
refining and sometimes vetoing the
inputs of the emotions. Still, the
emotional and rational minds are
semi-independent faculties, each, as
we shall see, reflecting the operation
of distinct, but interconnected,
circuitry of the brain (Goleman
1995).
ACCEPTABLE PARAPHRASE:
According to Goleman (1995), the
emotional and rational parts of our
mind work together to help us make
our way through our lives. Usually the
two minds have equal input. The
emotional mind provides information
to the logical mind, and the logical
mind processes the date and sometimes
overrules the emotional desires.
Nevertheless, while the two minds
show a biological connection in the
brain, each can assert some
independence.
Plagiarism 29
SUMMARIES
Same as paraphrase: completely in your own words EXCEPT
 condense the author’s message
 convey author’s ideas in shorter form, with less detail
 just convey the major concepts
 sum up author’s main points
 follow paraphrase guidelines above
Access the quiz worksheet HERE
Plagiarism 30
Pop Quiz 2
Which MUST receive in-text citations?
Which MUST get a bibliographic entry?
Author’s Own
Ideas/Info
Common Knowledge
In-text
citation?
Bibliographic
Entry?
In-Text
Citation?
Bibliographic
Entry?
QUOTE
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
PARAPHRASE
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
SUMMARY
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
Yes No
Plagiarism 31
POP QUIZ HINT #1:
Remember, under copyright law, a writer owns:
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His/her own IDEAS (but not general information
or common knowledge)
AND
His/her own WORDS through which the ideas are
expressed
AND
His/her own SYNTAX (sentence formation)
through which the words are ordered for style, effect,
and clarity
Plagiarism 32
Pop Quiz Hint # 2
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In-Text citation = Required Bibliographic Entry
Every in-text citation ALWAYS has a corresponding
bibliography (references page) entry
Since the in-text citation is only the author’s last
name/year/page number, it is meaningless to your
reader unless the rest of the information is given (in
the references page at the end of your paper).
Plagiarism 33
Answers
Author’s own ideas/info
Common knowledge
In text
citation?
Bibliographic
Entry?
In Text
Citation?
Bibliographic
Entry
QUOTE
YES
YES
YES
YES
PARAPHRASE
YES
YES
NO
NO
SUMMARY
YES
YES
NO
NO
Plagiarism 34
Types of documentation styles
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APA: American Psychological Association
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MLA: Modern Language Association
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In English and humanities, long works (books) are often done
Page number is important to find the reference
Year is less important as humanities information less transient than science
Usually only one or very few authors, so only two authors names in citations
CM: Chicago Manual (also called “Chicago style”)
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In social science, year of study/experiment is important
Studies often short, so page not important
Year is included in citation and second in bibliography
Many scientists, so up to five authors in citations
For English, humanities and history
Two kinds of styles: “name-year” and notes (numerals)
CBE: Council of Biology Editors
Other, less common styles as well, specific to certain disciplines
and occasions
Plagiarism 35
DeVry/Georgia Style: APA
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At DeVry we have chosen to use APA style (Social
Sciences style) for a consistent style students can use
throughout their career here.
In future writing situations, you should use whatever
style is appropriate to the subject you are writing on.
In future writing situations, you should also use
whatever style is requested by your professor or
journal or conference or writing situation.
If you know how to use one style (in this case, I’ll
teach you APA), these skills are easily transferable to
any other style you may need, with the help of your
handbook as a reference.
Correct Documentation
Plagiarism 36
To use somebody else’s work in your paper,
whether you have used a quote, paraphrase, or summary of their work,
you must CITE their work (and do so CORRECTLY) in TWO places:
(1) IN-TEXT CITATIONS
noting, in parenthesis, in the text
(MIDDLE) of the paper itself, right
after the information you included in
your paper from the source, that the
statement you have just written was
another person’s words or ideas, by
author’s last name, year, and page
number
(2) BIBLIOGRAPHY
at the end of your paper, a
properly formatted
ALPHABETICAL list of ALL the
sources you used to write your
paper (called “references”
(APA) or “works cited” (MLA)
or “notes” (CM)
You must cite in BOTH of these places,
or you have plagiarized.
Plagiarism 37
FORMATTING
Formatting correctly is very important in
documentation; incorrect punctuation or wrong
information or other formatting can be
inadvertent plagiarism and can receive a
“zero” as well as intentional plagiarism. We
will look at:
Formatting your in-text citations
 Formatting your References page
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Plagiarism 38
Formatting in-text citations
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Citations give credit to your source IN THE MIDDLE OF
YOUR PAPER.
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They go immediately AFTER the information from your
source that you used.
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They go BEFORE the punctuation (usually a period,
sometimes a semi-colon or comma).
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They ALWAYS have a corresponding References page
(bibliography) entry.
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Basic APA style has the following: parenthesis, author’s
last name, comma, year, close parenthesis, period or
comma or semicolon, as in:
Blah, blah, blah (Williams, 2003).
Plagiarism 39
In-text citation for a PARAPHRASE
Blah, blah, blah (Author’s last name, year).
Example:
Global warming is increasing the earth’s
temperature by an average of 1 degree every
500 years (Smith, 1999).
Plagiarism 40
In-text citation for a QUOTE
The PAGE NUMBER is required for direct quotations
only. (In paraphrases, it is optional, depending on your
professor’s or the journal’s preference):
“Blah, blah, blah” (Author’s last name, year, p. #).
Example:
Some scientists believe that “without aggressive
intervention in systems of present energy use, the
beaches of Florida will be underwater by the year 2500”
(Smith, 1999, p. 54).
Plagiarism 41
More Examples of In-text Citations for QUOTES
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One of his questions is “What binds together a
Mormon banker in Utah with his brother, or
other coreligionists in Illinois or
Massachusetts?” (Coles, 1993, p.2).
Binkley (1990) reports reductions in SADrelated “depression in 87 percent of patients”
(p. 203).
Plagiarism 42
Review of basic APA in-text citation
In-text citation of a PARAPHRASE:
Blah, blah, blah (Smith, 2006).
In-text citation of a QUOTE:
“Blah, blah, blah” (Smith, 2006, p. 45).
Alternate in-text citation placement for a PARAPHRASE:
Smith (2006) believes yadda, yadda, yadda.
Alternate in-text citation placement for a QUOTE:
According to Smith (2006), “Yadda, yadda, yadda” (p. 45).
Plagiarism 43
Citing LONG quotes: 40 or more words
If your quote is over 40 words, then:
1. INDENT the entire quote five spaces (characters) from the margin
2. Do NOT use quotation marks
3. Parenthetical in-text citation goes AFTER the period
4. Parenthetical citation is indented with the quote
Jet lag, with its characteristic fatigue and irregular sleep patterns is a
common problem among those who travel great distances by jet airplane to
different time zones:
Jet lag syndrome is the inability of the internal body rhythm to
rapidly resynchronize after sudden shifts in the timing. For a
variety of reasons, the system attempts to maintain stability to resist
temporal change. Consequently, complete adjustment can often be
delayed for several days – sometimes for a week – after arrival at
one’s destination. (Bonner, 1991, p. 72)
Clearly, the traveler across multiple time zones will not be able to
immediately work or play as effectively as he can a few days later.
Plagiarism 44
In-text citation for a source with
NO AUTHOR
When no author is indicated, you use AN ABBREVIATED
VERSION of the TITLE of the article (with quotation marks)
in place of the author’s last name:
Blah, blah, blah (“Short Title,” 2006).
Example:
The state of Georgia ranked lowest in the nation
of average SAT scores, with the exception of the
District of Columbia (“Georgia SAT’s,” 2002, p.
A1).
NOTE: In APA style, the title DOES get quotation marks in the in-text citation,
but does NOT quoted in the References page. Also, the comma goes INSIDE the
quotation mark of the title.
Plagiarism 45
In-text Citation of Internet Sources
NEVER, NEVER, NEVER,
NEVER, NEVER, NEVER,
NEVER, NEVER, NEVER,
NEVER use the Internet web address
(http://www.etc.etc.com)
in your in-text citation!!!!!!!**
Plagiarism 46
**EXCEPTION
**There is one exception to Internet addresses as in-text
citations:
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When referring to the WHOLE web site (not just a single page
or file from the site), then put the web address for the entire site
in your in-text citations.
You will NOT have a corresponding references page entry.
This is the only time an Internet address is an in-text citation!!
This is the only time an in-text citation does not have a matching
reference page entry!!
Example:
Thomas is the name of an excellent source for
government documents on the web (http://thomas.loc.gov).
Plagiarism 47
Citing Internet Sources
PARAPHRASES

The Internet source will often have an AUTHOR, (so use
author’s name as in your other sources):
Blah, blah, blah (Taylor, 2007).
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If your Internet source doesn’t have an author, use a
SHORTENED TITLE of the web source (the page, not the
whole site):
Blah, blah, blah (“Women’s Health,” 2007).
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Note how these citations look exactly like your regular print
source citations??? Because THEY ARE exactly like your
regular print sources… 
Plagiarism 48
Citing Internet Sources
QUOTES
There is ONE difference between in-text citations of Internet
sources and print sources:
If you QUOTE an Internet source, use PARAGRAPH
numbers (yes, you must count them), not page
numbers:
“Blah, blah, blah” (Taylor, 2007, para. 6).
Plagiarism 49
Formatting the entire paper
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Have a RUNNING HEAD on EVERY page
Have a TITLE PAGE
Have an ABSTRACT: a one to two paragraph summary of your paper
Use correct font and margins
Bibliography (References) page goes at end
Center the word “References” at top of page
List your references entries in ALPHABETICAL order
See paper samples in your handbook and on the web
Here’s a good place to start:
http://kareyperkins.com/classes/112/112links.html#doc
http://www.apastyle.org/elecref.html (for the most current style updates)
Plagiarism 50
RUNNING HEAD
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Goes at the top of EVERY page of your paper,
including the title page, abstract, and references
pages.
Goes in the upper RIGHT corner of your paper, rightjustified.
Is a shortened two or three version of the title of your
paper and the page number.
In Word, go to “View,” then “Header and Footer” and
use this tool to put a running head on every page.
Plagiarism 51
Formatting the Title Page: Example
New Computer Users 1
RUNNING HEAD: New Computer Users
New Computer Users and Fear:
A Review of Some Related Literature
Samantha Smith
Psychology 101, Semester 2, Class 3A
Professor H. Lawson
May 2, 2006
FROM: Shaun Fawcett’s Writing Help Central. Retrieved March 5, 2007 from http://www.writinghelp-central.com/apa-sample1.html
Plagiarism 52
Formatting the Abstract




The abstract is a one-paragraph, self-contained
summary of the most important elements of the paper.
Pagination: The abstract begins on a new page (page
2).
Heading: Abstract (centered on the first line below
the manuscript page header)
Format: The abstract (in block format) begins on the
line following the Abstract heading. The abstract
should not exceed 120 words. All numbers in the
abstract (except those beginning a sentence) should
be typed as digits rather than words.
FROM: Degelman, Douglas. (2006). APA Style Essentials. Retrieved March 6, 2007 from:
http://www.vanguard.edu/faculty/ddegelman/index.aspx?doc_id=796#abstract
Plagiarism 53
Formatting the Abstract Page: Example
Degelman, Douglas. (2006). APA Style Essentials. Retrieved March 6, 2007 from http://www.vanguard.edu/uploadedFiles/psychology/abstract.pdf
Plagiarism 54
Formatting the First Page/Inside Pages
New Computer Users 3
New Computer Users and Fear:
A Review of Some Related Literature
In one of his very first chapters entitled, "Fear and Anxiety on the
Internet", Fawcett (1999) observed, "It was my fear of technology that drove
me in my early days on the Internet" (p. 23). Later in the same chapter he
went on to elaborate at length on his experiences:
My first experiences with the Internet were not pleasant ones. At that
time, most Internet users were hooked-up to public networks known as
Freenets. These networks may have been pioneering in many ways, but
for the average user at the time, they were extremely tedious and
frustrating, sporting technology that, by today's standards, was
bordering on primitive. A typical Internet evening involved many long
and frustrating hours of fumbling around in "cyber-blackness". It
frequently took an entire evening just to check my e-mail! A session
was often prefaced by hours of busy signals before finally making a
connection. (p. 26)
According to that author, at that time, everything was text-based and menu-driven.
FROM: Shaun Fawcett’s Writing Help Central. Retrieved March 5, 2007 from http://www.writinghelp-central.com/apa-sample2.html
Plagiarism 55
THE REFERENCES PAGE
Now that you know how to format your in-text
citations and your paper in general, let’s look
at how to write your bibliography, the list of all
your sources at the END of your paper. In
APA style it is called:
REFERENCES
Plagiarism 56
The References Page (your bibliography)




A References page is REQUIRED or you will receive a zero
on your paper.
That doesn’t mean you don’t have to have IN-TEXT
CITATIONS – they are also REQUIRED or you will still
receive a zero.
EACH IN-TEXT CITATION must have a corresponding or
matching REFERENCES PAGE ENTRY.
List ALL sources you used (“referred” to) when you wrote
your paper.

Compile the list as you go, not at the end of your project.

Use APA format at DeVry (discussed below).
Plagiarism 57
Formatting the References Page






First: Determine the KIND of source you have: a book with one
author? No author? Corporate author? Several authors? Edition after
the first? A journal article? An electronic print source? A combination
of kinds of sources? And so on…
Second: Once you know the type of source you are using, refer to your
handbook (or an on-line handbook) for how to format that source.
Third: Some sources are straightforward and basic, but with a lot of
them you’ll have to mix and match examples from your handbook to
create the right References page entry for the kind of source you have.
Put all entries in ALPHABETICAL ORDER by author’s last name or
shortened title if no author.
A RUNNING HEAD goes on top of all pages of your paper, including
your references pages.
The word “References” goes at top of first reference page.
Plagiarism 58
Formatting the References Page: Example
New Computer Users 10
References
Bedford, F. (1990, October 30). The psychology of fear: Is it all in our heads?
The New York Times, p. B4.
Chrissie, S. (1995, July 31). Are we afraid of our computers? The Chicago
Tribune, pp. D4, D6.
Gorman, J.R., & Smithson, R.T. (1997). The dynamics of human fear
neuroses in the age of the modern computer (pp. 345-353). Toronto:
University of Toronto Press.
Hillson, G. (1996, December). The unwelcome eventual alternative Computers that tell us what to do. The New Psychologist, 22, 45-54.
FROM: Shaun Fawcett’s WritingHelp-Central. Retrieved March 5, 2007 from: http://www.writinghelp-central.com/apasample3.html
Access the quiz worksheet HERE
Plagiarism 59
Pop Quiz 3: Titles
When do you…
Underline?
Italicize?
“Quote?”
…titles of magazines, newspapers, journals,
individual articles, essays, books, websites,
articles on websites, movies, plays, TV shows,
poems?
Plagiarism 60
Titles

Underline OR Italicize titles of LONG WORKS

Quote titles of SHORT WORKS

What is a short work? What is a long work?
Plagiarism 61
When to Underline, Italicize, or Quote Titles
UNDERLINE or ITALICIZE
titles of Long Works:






Books
QUOTE titles of “Short Works”:
Plays
 A poem, essay, or selection
Movies
from a book
Newspapers
 An article in a newspaper
Magazines or journals
 An article in a magazine
TV shows
 An episode of a TV show
Plagiarism 62
Underline or Italicize?

Note that you can EITHER underline OR italicize
long works; do NOT do BOTH. Usually if you are
submitting an essay or article for publication, the
publisher wants it underlined and will later italicize it
when he creates the print version. For essays
submitted in school, you are “self-publishing” and
can italicize the title yourself instead of underlining.
Find out what the person to whom your are
submitting your essay or article wants.
Plagiarism 63
Some Exceptions to Title Format
in APA Style




In APA style, in the References page entry, titles of short
works are NOT quoted!!
In APA style, titles also do NOT use Title Case (i.e.:
capitalizing the major words in a title). Words in titles are
all lower case except the first word and proper nouns
(names).
Yet APA style STILL wants you to quote and capitalize
the abbreviated title of short works in your in-text
citations (when there is no author cited).
Confusing? Yes, it is to me, too. But that’s the way it’s
done!
Plagiarism 64
References page entry for a BOOK
For a book with one author:
Author’s last name, first initial. (Date).
Title of book. City Published: Publisher.
Didion, J. (1997). A book of common prayer.
New York: Simon & Schuster.
Plagiarism 65
References page entry for a
NEWSPAPER or MAGAZINE ARTICLE
For a newspaper article:
Broad, W. J. (1999, November 21). Nuclear roulette
for Russia: Burying uncontained waste. The New
York Times, p. A1.
For a magazine article:
Winson, J. (2002, June). The meaning of dreams.
Scientific American, 12, 54-61.
Plagiarism 66
References page entry for a
JOURNAL ARTICLE (print version)
When citing articles from journals, follow the journal title with the Volume Number
and the Issue Number. If the journal is continuously paginated, use only the volume
number (italicized); if each journal issue is paginated separately, also include the
issue number (in parenthesis, not italicized). If your source is print, not on-line,
indicate the page numbers (not italicized).
Article in journal with continuous pagination:
Jazzmen, I. (2002). Previous behavioral control, self-efficacy, locus of
control, and the theory of planned behavior. Journal of Applied
Social Psychology, 32, 635-685.
Article in journal with issues paginated separately:
Rudisell, J. R., & Edwards, J. M. (2002). Coping with job transitions.
Consulting Psychology Journal, 54(1), 55-62.
Plagiarism 67
References page entry for a
SELECTION FROM AN EDITED BOOK
One selection from an anthology or edited book:
Wolfe, A. (1996). Human nature and the quest for
community. In A. Etzioni (Ed.), New communitarian
thinking (pp. 126-140). Charlottesville: University
Press of Virginia.
References page entries for
INTERNET SOURCES
Plagiarism 68

With the web, you try to approximate as print citations as closely as you can.

Try to find an author, an article title, the magazine or main site from which it
comes from. You may have to search around the site. Truncate the web address to
the original form to find the home page. Go to the “About Us” or “Contact Us”
pages. Go to the copyright page if the site has one.

At the end of the entry, that hopefully looks as close to a print source as you can
approximate, you have the DATE OF RETRIEVAL, or when YOU accessed the
web page and found the information. Therefore, you will have TWO dates in your
entry.

You also will have the FULL WEB ADDRESS, of the web page or file, not the
entire website.

So, you have an entry that looks just like a regular print entry, followed by:
Retrieved March 1, 2007, from http://kareyperkins.com/classes/112/112links.html

The following website is dedicated entirely to citing on-line sources and is one of
the most comprehensive around: http://www.bedfordstmartins.com/online/cite6.html
Plagiarism 69
References page entry for a
Web Page or File from a Website
Search the site and try to find an author – if none, use the title of the PAGE
or FILE (NOT the title of the whole website) as the first item in the
references page entry.
Women’s health and policy. (2007). Center for American
Progress. Retrieved March 1, 2007, from
http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/domestic/women
Plagiarism 70
References page entry for an
ELECTRONIC LIBRARY SOURCE
If source is on-line only, not in print, must have the web address:
Lewis, R. (1995, December 24). Chronobiology researchers say their field’s
time has come. The Scientist, 9, p. 14 [On-line newspaper]. Retrieved
December 30, 1997 from http://www.the-scientist.library.upenn.edu/yr
1995/dec/chrono_951211.html
Yu, D. L., & Seligman, M. E. P. (2002, May 8). Preventing depressive symptoms
in Chinese children. Prevention and Treatment, 5, Article 9, Retrieved June
15, 2002, from http://journals.pap.org/prevention/volume5/pre00500091.html
Plagiarism 71
References page entry for an
ELECTRONIC PRINT SOURCE
If you accessed a source on-line that is also in print form:
For an on-line journal article based on a print source, add bracketed
phrase indicating it is the electronic version of same thing in print:
Lindsay, D. S., & Poole, D.A. (2001). Children’s eyewitness reports after
exposure to misinformation from parents [Electronic version]. Journal of
Experimental Psychology: Applied, 7(1), 27-50.
An on-line newspaper article also in print:
McGrath, C. (2002, June 15). Father time. New York Times. Retrieved June
15, 2002, from http://nytimes.com/pages/science/index.html
Plagiarism 72
References page entry for a source from an
ELECTRONIC LIBRARY DATABASE
(Proquest, EBSCOHost, Lexis-Nexus, etc.)
Identify the database at the end of the entry:
Kim, Y. (2002). Spirituality moderates the effect of
stress on emotional and physical adjustment.
Personality and Individual Differences, 32(8), 13771390. Retrieved June 12, 2002, from PsychINFO
database.
Plagiarism 73
Match Each In-text Citation
to a References Page Entry

EVERY in-text citation MUST have a corresponding References page entry.

The FIRST WORD of each References page entry is also the FIRST WORD of
your in-text citation within your paper. For example:
In-text citation:
Blah, blah, blah (“Women’s Health,” 2007).
References page entry:
Women’s health and policy. (2007). Center for American
Progress. Retrieved March 1, 2007 from:
http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/domestic/women
Plagiarism 74
Variety of source types and origins

There are an incredible variety of
source types
 book
 magazine
 newspaper
 journal
 government document
 essay in an anthology
 more than one author
 no author
 corporate author
 multiple editions
 etc.

There are an incredible variety of
source origins
 Internet web page
 electronic print source
 TV
 documentary
 news show
 someone’s personal website
 e-mail
 interview
 CD-Rom
 etc.
So you cannot possibly remember how to do the many kinds of citing
you will have to do. Nor can they all be listed in one handout, one
website, or one PowerPoint presentation:
Citing requires investigation, flexibility, and creativity!
Plagiarism 75
Documentation survival tip:
Know how to use your handbook!

Correct documentation entails knowing how to use a handbook to find the
kind of citation you need for the source that you have.

Refer to a good college grammar handbook for the correct ways of
documenting and citing the many different kinds of sources you will run
across.

Always keep a good grammar & writing handbook – it is likely you will
need it for the rest of your life.

Language, language rules, and agreed upon documentation formats change
constantly: Be aware of updates.

However, today you can also find the same documentation information on
the web, though this can be more cumbersome than your handy handbook.
For example, see:
http://kareyperkins.com/classes/112/112links.html#doc
Access the quiz worksheet HERE
Plagiarism 76
POP QUIZ 4: Newspaper
Documentation Activity

Using APA style, document the following:
1.
2.
3.
4.




a signed article (with author) in a newspaper as
REFERENCES entry
paraphrase a paragraph from that article (with in-text
citation)
then document an unsigned article (no author) as a
REFERENCES (bibliography) entry
QUOTE a sentence from the unsigned article (with
in-text citation)
You may work in groups of two or three.
Write one of these (citation or references entry) on the board when you
are done and the class will critique it: did we document correctly??!!
Save worksheet and place in your Daily Work Portfolio.
Good luck!!
Plagiarism 77
Access the quiz worksheet HERE
POP QUIZ 5: Essay in Book
Documentation Activity

Using APA style, document an essay selection from
your text (given in class) by:
1.
2.
3.




In-text citation: paraphrase
In-text citation: quote
References page entry
You may work in groups of two or three.
Write one of these (citation or references entry) on the
board when you are done and the class will critique it:
did we document correctly??!!
Save worksheet and place in your Daily Work Portfolio.
Good luck!!
Plagiarism 78
Daily Work Portfolio

Your Pop Quizzes (1, 2, 3, 4, and 5) must be saved
and place in your daily work portfolio.

Turn in DW portfolio at the end of the class with your
in-class work and homework: web evaluation and
search activities, peer reviews, threaded discussions,
logic quiz.

See Daily Work Portfolio cover sheet at
http://kareyperkins.com/classes/135 for what items to
include.

The DW Portfolio cover sheet goes in portfolio, too;
it will be the first page (required).
Plagiarism 79
References
Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1997). Creativity: Flow and the psychology of discovery and invention.
New York: HarperPerennial.
Deacon, T. (1997). The symbolic species: The Co-evolution of language and the brain. New
York: Norton.
Degelman, Douglas. (2006). APA Style Essentials. Retrieved March 6, 2007 from:
http://www.vanguard.edu/faculty/ddegelman/
DeVry/Alpharetta COLL 147/149 Resource Notebook. (2004). General Education Department.
Alpharetta, GA: DeVry University.
Fawcett, Shaun. (2007). Writing Help Central. Retrieved March 2, 5, 2007 from
http://www.writinghelp-central.com
Glenn, C., Miller, R.K., Webb, S.S., and Gray, L. (2004). The Writer’s Harbrace Handbook, 2nd ed.
Boston: Thomson.
Goleman, D. (1995). Emotional intelligence. New York: Bantam.
Troyka, L. Q. (2002). Simon & Schuster handbook for writers, 6th ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ:
Prentice Hall.