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APA's Perspective on Naughty Science Gerald P. Koocher, PhD, ABPP Dean, School of Health Sciences Simmons College www.ethicsresearch.com August 8, 2008 American Psychological Association Beyond FFP& DDD • • • • • • Falsification Fabrication Plagiarism Deception Dehoaxing Desensitization American Psychological Association FF&P: • Fabrication/Falsification: Inventing data that were never actually collected; altering data that were collected; faking records; unjustifiable data removal or treatment of outlying data points. • Plagiarism: The substantial copying of another's work without appropriate attribution; misappropriation of intellectual property) American Psychological Association Stupidity & Bad habits • Incompetence: Examples include: poor research design, methodology, or statistical procedure; inappropriate selection or use of a study technique due to insufficient skills or training. • Careless work habits: Examples include: sloppy record-keeping; haphazard data collection; cutting corners; inadequate monitoring of the project's progress. American Psychological Association • Intentional bias: Examples include: rigging a sample to maximize support for hypotheses; withholding methodology details; deceptive or misleading reporting of data or its interpretation. American Psychological Association • Questionable publication practices/authorship: Examples include: publishing a paper or parts of the same study in different publication outlets without informing the readers; undeserved "gift" authorships; coerced authorship; omitting someone who deserved an authorship or other form of credit. American Psychological Association • Inadequate supervision of research assistants. Examples include: giving assistants more responsibility than they are able or willing to handle, insufficient supervision of assistants' work. American Psychological Association • Failure to follow the regulations of science. Examples include: sidestepping or ignoring the IRB or its directives; circumventing or ignoring human participant requirements with regarding informed consent, confidentiality, or risk assessment; inadequate care of research animals; violating federal research policy. American Psychological Association • Contributing to difficult or stressful work environments that could adversely influence research process. – Examples: mistreatment or disrespectful treatment of subordinates; sexual harassment or other form of exploitation; playing favorites and other factors that create poor morale or acting out by subordinates; conflicts with the administration or administrative policies. American Psychological Association • A dishonest act indirectly related to researcher role. Examples include: unreported conflicts, such as a financial interest in the outcome of an experiment; misuse or misappropriation of grant funds; inflating, distorting, or including bogus accomplishments on a resume. American Psychological Association Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct (Section 8.01-8.15) 1. Comply with local approval. 2. Get informed consent. 3. Get special consent if recording. 4. Take responsibility for participants’ welfare. 5. Dispense with consent only under special circumstances. 6. Take care in using inducements for participation. 7. Using deception in research requires special considerations. American Psychological Association Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct (Section 8.01-8.15) 8. Provide opportunity for debriefing, but reduce or minimize harm. 9. Treat animals humanely 10. Reporting results: – – Don’t Fabricate Correct errors for the public 11. Don’t Plagiarize 12. Assign publication credit fairly and accurately 13. Do not publish duplicate data without full disclosure. 14. Share data for verification under some circumstances. 15. Respect confidentiality as a reviewer American Psychological Association Thank You Gerald P. Koocher, PhD, ABPP Dean, School of Health Sciences Simmons College www.ethicsresearch.com American Psychological Association