Transcript APA Workshop - Research Writing

APA
Documentation
Welcome to the
Writing Center
Hours
Monday – Thursday
9:00 am - 5:00 pm and
6:00 pm – 9:00 pm
Friday
9:00am - 3:00pm
First, a little quiz…
True or False?
APA style requirements are different for
preparing manuscripts for journal
articles and preparing papers for a
class.
All papers are double spaced.
For every citation in the body of the
paper there must be a reference at the
end, and for every reference there must
be a citation.
What is APA style?
American
Psychological
Association
Why APA style?
Credibility
Consistency
Readability
Efficiency
Why You Should Document
Sources
In research writing, sources are
documented for these reasons:
 To alert readers to the sources of
your information
 To give credit to the writers from
whom you have borrowed words and
ideas
 To enhance your own credibility as a
writer
You must cite whenever you—
Borrow the words from any source
Borrow ideas from a source by….

paraphrasing or summarizing parts of it

lifting key words or phrases from it

pulling statistics or facts from it

using information in tables, graphs, or
diagrams
When in doubt, cite the source!
In-Text Citations


Made with a combination of signal
phrases and parenthetical references
Citations in parentheses should be
concise yet complete enough so that
readers can find the source on your
References page at the end of the
paper.
Essentials of APA
In-text citation
Rumbaugh (1995) reported that "Kanzi's
comprehension of over 600 novel
sentences of request was very comparable
to Alia's" (p. 722).
Entry in the list of References
Rumbaugh, D. (1995). Primate language
and cognition: Common ground.
Social Research, 62, 711-730.
Two authors:
Use an ampersand (&) instead of and.
Example:
… (Alton & Davies, 1990, p. 567).
Three to five authors:
Name all of the authors the first time you
cite the source. Next time, use et al.
Example:
…(Blaine et al., 1999).
Signal Phrases are used to…



lead into the quotation or borrowed
information
prepare readers for a change of voice
keep the parenthetical citation brief
Signal Phrases
Signal phrases provide clear
signals to prepare readers for
the borrowed material.
 Readers should be able to
move from your words to the
words you quote without
feeling an abrupt shift.

Signal Phrases

Use strong verbs in signal
phrases
argued
asserted
believed
claimed
commented
disputed
illustrated
implied
pointed out
reported
suggested
thought
wrote
Signal Phrases
Example:
Flora Davis (1997) described the
language skills of a chimp at the
Yerkes Primate Research Center.
She wrote, “[It] has combined
words into new sentences that she
was never taught" (p. 67).

note that the period goes after the
parenthetical citation.
Signal Phrases
Without Author’s Name
Example:
One researcher reported that a
chimp at the Yerkes Primate
Research Center "has combined
words into new sentences that
she was never taught" (Davis,
1997, p. 67).
When is it acceptable to
use someone’s exact
words without using
quotation marks?

Only when
you have
block
indented
When do I use a block
quotation?
When the quotation
contains 40 or more
words or 4 or more lines
of poetry.
Long Quotations




Use block quotations when
quoting 40 or more words
Indent five spaces from left
margin or one-half inch
Omit quotation marks
Use double spacing for the
block
Example of block indenting
Desmond (2000) described how Washoe
tried signing to the other apes when the
Gardners returned her to an ape colony in
Oklahoma:
One particularly memorable day, a snake
spread terror through the castaways on
the ape island, and all but one fled in
panic. This male sat absorbed, staring
intently at the serpent. Then Washoe was
seen running over signing to him "come,
hurry up.” (p. 42)
This shows that Washoe truly understood
the concept of sign language as a means of
communication with others.
Using a Secondary Source

Name the original work, and give
a citation for the secondary
source.
Use the phrase as cited in.
Example:
McClelland’s investigation (as cited in
Toner, 1998) found that chimps…
Altering a quote
When using a direct quote in which
you insert a word of your own, place
square brackets [ ] around the
word(s) you have inserted.
Example:
Seyfarth (2001) noted that "Premack
[a scientist at the University of
Pennsylvania] taught a seven-yearold chimpanzee, Sarah, that the word
for 'apple' was a small, plastic
triangle" (p. 13).


If you delete part of a quote, use
ellipsis dots . . . to indicate where
you have deleted from the original
source.
Example
In a recent New York Times article,
Eckholm argued that "a 4 year-old
pygmy chimpanzee . . . has
demonstrated what scientists say
are the most human like linguistic
skills ever documented in another
animal" (p. A1).
Documenting Electronic Sources
In general…


Direct readers as closely as
possible to the information being
cited.
Provide addresses (url’s) that
work.
In-text Citations for Online
Sources


Follow similar format used for
print media:
(Butler, 2000, p. 5)
If the online source contains no
page or paragraph numbers, then
follow this example:
(Butler, 2000, Conclusion section, para. 2)
References for Online Sources


Check the APA Manual for correct format.
Make sure you are using the most recent
edition.
Here is an example of the format for a
document with no date:
Greater New Milford Area Health Community, Task
Force on Teen Health. (n.d.). Who has time for a
family meal? You do! Retrieved October 5, 2002,
from http://www.familymealtime.org
Basic Format for Books in
Works Cited



To cite APA, include the following information in
this order:
1.) Author (Last, First initial)
2.) Date of Publication
3.) Title and Subtitle
4.) City of Publication
5.) Publisher
Example: Highmore, B. (2001). Everyday life and
cultural theory. New York: Routledge.
Notice that only the first letter of the title is
capitalized!!!
Basic Format for Articles in
Works Cited


For an article, include:
1.) Author (Last name, first initial)
2.) Date of Publication
3.) Title of article (not italicized)
4.) Name of Periodical (italicized)
5.) Volume and issue number
6.) Page numbers
Example: Hoxby, C.M. (2002). The power
of peers. Education Next, 2(2), 57-63.
When should you use footnotes?



Rarely.
Most style manuals urge you to
include the material in the main
body of your paper or leave it
out.
Use them only if your instructor
specifically asks you to.
How do you know when to italicize the title of a
work and when not to italicize?

Italicize when the work
is published on its own
or is one complete
source, such as:
• Book title
• Newspaper title
• Movie title
• Album title
• Title of a
painting
• Ship’s name
Do not italicize when the
title names something that
is part of a larger work,
such as:
•
•
•
•
Book chapter
Short story
Essay
Newspaper
article
• Song
A Writer’s Reference Website
Let’s now go to an
excellent website for
APA guidelines
http://owl.english.purdue.edu/ow
l/resource/560/01/
Good
Luck!