Transcript 1877-1914 Unit II - Home

1877-1914 Unit II

I. Prejudice and Discrimination

II. The Progressive Movement

III. Imperialism-Becoming a World Power
1900-1909 28 min.
I Prejudice and Discrimination VUS 8c
After Reconstruction, many Southern
States passed laws that limited the rights
of African Americans. These “Jim Crow”
laws were laws that forced separation of
races in all public areas.
African Americans hoped the US Courts
would protect their rights under the 14th
and 15th Amendments, but this proved
ineffective.

However, in the Supreme Court
case,______________________, the court
ruled that ‘separate but equal’ public
facilities did not violate the 14th
Amendment. Therefore, African American
rights were not protected and “ Jim Crow”
segregation continued throughout the
South.

“The Great_____________” - during the
19th and 20th centuries, many African
Americans moved to northern cities
seeking jobs in industry and to hopefully
escape the poverty and discrimination in
the South.
Responses to Discrimination:
African American Leaders

Booker T.
Washington- accepted
social segregation and
believed African
American equality
could be achieved
through vocational
training. He was a
leader of Tuskegee
____________in
Alabama.

W.E. B. DuBoisstressed immediate
political equality and
full civil rights. He
believed that
education was
meaningless without
equality. He helped
form the NAACP
in___________, the
National Association
for the Advancement
of Colored People.

________ B. Wellsled crusades against
lynching ( hangings
without a trial) and
called for the federal
government to take
action against such
illegal acts.
II. Progressive Movement

The rapid rise of industrialization and urbanization led to
many problems in America.

Many immigrants suffered from poverty, unhealthy living
conditions, low paying jobs, child labor and hostility.

Many city governments were often corrupt and police,
fire and social services were inadequate.

Progressive reformers worked to solve social and
political problems.
II. The Progressive Movement

The progressive movement, beginning around
1900, was as an attempt to cure political,
economic, and social problems in America.

The movement wished to use government
reforms to solve problems created by the rise of
industrialization; such as child labor, anti-trust
laws, labor unions, and women’s suffrage.

Progressives also wished to create various social
reform programs to ensure a basic standard of
living for all Americans.

The two most famous
Progressive
presidents were
Theodore Roosevelt
and
____________Wilson.
Roosevelt’s program
( Republican) was
called the “Square
Deal” 1901-1908
President Teddy Roosevelt

Wilson’s program
( Democrat) was
called the “New
Freedom” 1912-1920
President Woodrow Wilson
Impact of the Progressives
In government, there were five reforms
attempting to make government more
democratic:
1.Referendum
2.Initiative
3.Recall
4.Secret ballot
5. Primary election

In State government:



Referendum- a process in which citizens may vote
on laws that have been passed by a legislative
body.
Initiative- a process in which citizens may
propose laws to state and local governments.
_________- a process in which citizens may vote
to remove government officials from office.
In National government:
 Secret ballot- used to protect a voters’ privacy

Primary election- voters nominate candidates for
office rather than political party leaders.
Other changes

In addition, the 17th Amendment provided
for the direct election of_____________.

The Sherman Anti-Trust Act of 1890 made
it illegal for any business structure to set
up monopolies ( businesses with no
competition) that “restrained trade” or
monopolized trade.
The Sherman Anti-Trust Act was not very
effective against powerful corporations
because it was considered too vague.
 In fact, the federal courts actually used
the act against labor unions in order to
limit the power of unions.


The Clayton Anti-Trust Act (1914) finally
put some authority into anti-trust
legislation under President Woodrow
Wilson.

The Clayton Anti-__________ Act
outlawed price-fixing by corporations and
also stated the Sherman Anti-trust Act
could not be used against labor unions.
In local government, Progressive reforms
included:
 1. A commission form of city government


2. A council/manager form of city
government

Today, most cities use the
council/manager form of government
th
19

Amendment
19th Amendment
1920, this
amendment gave
women the right to
vote.
Quick Review

1. What African American leader stressed
immediate political equality and was also a
co-founder of the NAACP?

2. What Supreme Court decision ruled that
separate but equal public facilities were
legal and not a violation of the 14th
Amendment.

3. What is the name of the movement that
wished to use the government to solve
political, economic and social problems in
America?

4. What is the term used to describe a
reform in state government which allows
citizens the right to propose laws to state
and local governments?

5. Which Amendment provided a change
that allowed the direct election of
Senators?

6. Which Amendment in 1920 gave
women the right to vote?
Muckrakers
A new group of journalists emerged that
were called Muckrakers=writers that
wrote and publicized the abuses of child
labor, abuses of companies, as well as
social and political evils.
Upton _________was
the author of a novel
called The Jungle which exposed many
corrupt business
practices, especially
the horrible
conditions in the meat
packing industry.
Another type of
journalism emerged
called ‘yellow
journalism’ =
exaggerated stories
that that stirred
readers emotions and
opinions.
 ( also called the
yellow press)

Unions emerged to protect workers rights:

Knights of Labor- a union that accepted skilled
and non skilled workers

American Federation of Labor- union led by
Samuel Gompers- accepted craft and skilled
workers only.

American Railway Union-railroad workers, led by
socialist Eugene V. Debs
International Ladies’ Garment Workers Union- a
union attempting to organize women in the
textile industry
Labor strikes emerged to gain rights

From 1881 to 1900
over 24,000 strikes
erupted across the
nation. The three most
violent were:

Haymarket ________
( Chicago ,1886) - a
riot broke out
between police and
protesters over an 8
hour work day, killing
many on both sides.
Haymarket Riot
Homestead Strike- (Homestead, Pennsylvania
1892)
 Carnegie AFL __________workers went on strike
when Carnegie steel tried to cut wages. Violence
broke out between the workers and the
Pinkertons (a private police force called in by
Carnegie steel)
 This was an unsuccessful AFL strike, and the
plant was reopened under military protection.

Pullman Strike ( 1894) Pullman luxury sleeping
car workers were not totally happy with Pullman
Town rules established by Pullman.
 During the Panic of 1893, wages were cut 25%
and some workers were laid off. Workers
protested to Pullman but he refused to negotiate
and shut down the plant.
 The workers turned to the American Railway
Union ( ARU-led by Eugene V. Debs).
 The ARU joined the Pullman workers, and by
1894 over 240,000 workers were on strike.

When the strike interfered with the delivery of
mail, railway owners used the Sherman Antitrust Act to declare that the strike was illegal.
President Grover _______________sent in
federal troops to end the strike.
 This set the precedent that factory owners
would use the courts against unions, thus
limiting union gains.
 It also destroyed the ARU.

Union Gains

Unions eventually obtained limited work
hours and improved and regulated work
conditions.
Women and Child Labor

A ____________fire at the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory in
New York resulted in the death of 141 workers, mostly
women .

Such horrible results in such conditions led to improved
working conditions for women.
In 1916, Progressives had pressured state
governments into passing laws limiting the hours
that children could work, usually eight to ten hours
per day.
Quick Review

1. Who wrote The Jungle, a novel that
exposed many corrupt business practices,
especially the horrible conditions in the
meat packing industry?
2. The newspaper publisher, William
Randolph Hurst, often used exaggerated
stories in his papers to rouse emotions
and sell newspapers.
 What is the term used to explain this type
of journalism?


3. What strike was against Carnegie steel
in 1892 and resulted in the plant being
opened under military protection?
III. Imperialism

By the 20th century,
European nations had
gained control of
much of Africa and
Asia.

This imperialism (domination of a weaker
nation by a more powerful nation) was a
result of the need for more natural
resources, the rise of nationalism, the rise
of militarism, and advances in technology.
US Imperialism-Becoming a World Power

By the middle of the 19th century, many
American business and political leaders
argued for American expansion into
international markets.

America became increasingly involved in
world affairs in Alaska, Central America,
Asia and the ____________area.
US begins ‘Global Economy”
There were several ways the US began what
was called a Global Economy:
 Open ___________ Policy- Under President
McKinley and secretary of State John Hay, the
US policy stated that all nations would have
equal trading rights in China.
 ______________Diplomacy- Under President
William Howard Taft, this policy urged bankers
and businesses to invest in Latin America. The
US promised it would protect investments.


In 1867, William Seward arranged the US
purchase of ______________from Russia.
Some were critical of this purchase and
called it Seward's Folly or Seward’s icebox.
7.2 million or 1.9cents per acre
US Becomes a World Power

1858: US establishes a
trade agreement with
Japan.

1869- US obtains a coaling
station at Midway Island.

1893: Queen Liliuokalani of
Hawaii is overthrown by
planter Sanford
__________and US
Ambassador Stevens.
Hawaii comes under US
control.

Both Hawaii and Midway
were important as naval
refueling stations.
Queen Liliuokalani
Spanish American War 1898

1895- Cuban rebels
begin revolt against
oppressive
______________rule.


The “Yellow Press”
led by William
Randolph Hearst and
Joseph Pulitzer fan the
flames of imperialism
and call for US
intervention in Cuba.
The press also raises
US sympathy for
Cuban rebels fighting
against the Spanish
General Wyler.

Spanish Minister
insults the US
President by calling
President McKinley
weak and
feebleminded.
USS Maine

USS Maine is sent to
Havana harbor
February_____, 1898 USS Maine explodes
in Havana Harbor,
killing 264 Americans.


Spain is falsely
blamed for the
explosion.
Wreck of the USS Maine

April 11, 1898- US declares war on Spain

US invades the Philippines and Guam

US Invades Puerto_________.
US Army invades
Cuba.
 “Remember the
Maine”


Army includes the
“Rough Riders”, a
mixed group of
volunteers led by
Theodore Roosevelt.
Teddy Roosevelt
Rough Riders capture San Juan Hill
End of the Spanish American War

Treaty of Paris- 1898 ends war.
Results of War:
 1. Cuba obtains independence
 2. US obtains Philippines, Guam,
and_____________________.
 3. US obtains right to intervene in Cuba

Called a “Splendid Little War”
(lasted 3 months)

US also annexes Hawaii.
US emerges as an Imperial World Power.
War continues in the Philippines as Emilio
Aguinaldo leads rebels against American rule.
Some are critical of the US role as an imperial
power.
Discuss cartoon.
President Theodore Roosevelt
1901-1908

President William
McKinley was
assassinated in
Buffalo in 1901.

Vice President
Theodore Roosevelt
becomes US President.
Roosevelt becomes a
Progressive President.
His program is called
The Square Deal.



From an African proverb:
Speak softly but carry a big stick
________________Corollary- a statement
clearly articulated for the first time since
the Monroe Doctrine, that the US would
protect its interests not only in the
Western Hemisphere but also within the
US sphere of influence .
 Roosevelt also establishes national parks
and conservation areas throughout the US.




Roosevelt became
involved in Panamanian
independence from
Columbia .
Roosevelt was most
responsible for the US
building and operating the
Panama Canal- completed
in 1914. Canal shortened
route from the Atlantic to
Pacific by _________miles.
Roosevelt sends Great
White Fleet ( New Naval
ships) on a world tour as a
show of strength.
Panama Canal

Roosevelt hand picks his successor,
William Howard Taft, who is elected
President in 1908.

Unhappy with Taft, but Taft remains the
incumbent Republican President ,
Roosevelt runs again in ____________as
a third party candidate with the ‘Bull
Moose ‘ party.

Woodrow Wilson, the Democratic
candidate is elected President in 1912,
under his slogan ‘The New Freedom”
Female Reformers:
Florence Kelley-fought for child labor laws
and improved working conditions.
Jane Addams- helped immigrant families
and established Hull ____________to
assist poor families.