Transcript The Birth Of Modern Nation
Unit5 Day 1
Mining Brought the 1 st settlers to the west.
Comstock Load- one of the largest silver ore mines found in Six mile canyon, NV .
Silver was exhausted and the people left- this is called the
Boom and Bust Economy Ghost towns created
• • • • •
Open Range- government owned property where ranchers could let cattle graze
Civil war had depleted a lot of the cattle in the U.S. which made prices of meat high. Rail Roads Reached the Great Plains which made shipment on meat back east Easy. The Range would soon close because of ranchers putting up barbed wire Mavericks- were cattle that were found with no symbols to identify the owners.
A lot of cowboys in the west were African American.
buffalo soldiers- name given to African American soldiers who fought against natives on the frontier .
Rail Road sold land cheap and gave settlers credit.
Homestead act of 1862- settlers could claim 160 acres of public land and would receive title if lived there for 5 years. (only paid 10 registration fee) But life was hard on frontier How was it hard?
Natives were nomads-traveled place to place following the buffalo
Natives and settlers started clashing Indian Peace Commission -created two reservation on plains.1 for Sioux,1 for Southern Plains
Buffalo population on a decline
Battle of Little Big Horn
George Custer and the 7 th Calvary surrounds Lakota and Cheyenne. All the 7 th Calvary killed by natives
Sitting Bull was one of the main leader. After battle he headed for Canada.
Tragedy at Wounded Knee
Natives are doing the Ghost Dance -ritual that native do hoping ancestor will come back and bring buffalo and take white man away.
Sitting Bull was killed after returning from Canada. Blamed for natives not stopping the Ghost Dance
Troops disarming natives at wounded knee creek a shot was fired and troops killed 200 Lakota women, men, and children
Assimilation-absorb a group into a larger group. This is the policy of U.S. towards natives Dawes Act
Allotted 160 acres to natives head of household Land left over would be sold individual settlers
Natives lost land over time
.
Ch 14 Day 2
• • •
Industrialization occurs because of
–
1. Large Work Force, Natural Resources (water coal, cooper, iron), and Free Enterprises 2. Workforce tripled 1860-1910
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Large Families and Immigration 20 million arrive mostly from Southern and Eastern Europe. 3. Laissez faire- no governmental interference with the business or market (free Market)
• • • • •
4. New Inventions
Alexander Gram bell - telephone (1876), Thomas Edison - phonograph, light bulb, and electric generator, motion picture improved, 1 st refrigerated rail car (Gustavus Franklin Swift) 1 st Transcontinental cable across the Atlantic.
U.S. and Europe had instant contact ( Cyrus fields)
Railroad increased 35,000 miles in 1865 to 200,000 miles of track in 1900. Pacific Railroad Act- provided for the construction of a transcontinental R.R. Land on right away given to R.R. (incentive)
Transcontinental R.r. –connected the east with the west. Union Pacific started in Omaha Nebraska
Central Pacific started in California They met in Ogden, Utah
Chinese workers used in the construction R.R. increased business by increasing available market. Country spilt in to 4 time zones Robber Barons- railroad entrepreneurs who swindled investors and taxpayers, bribed elected officials used insider trading to make fortunes. Ex. Jay Gould
–used insider trading
to make millions
Andrew Carnegie- Rags to riches. Worked way up in R.R. industry. Got money from investing in R.R. Met Henry Bessemer-who had invented the Bessemer Converter produced high quality steel at a low price.
• • • • •
Vertical integration – a company buys out businesses on which it depends for its operation. Carnegie did this.
Horizontal Integration- combining of business that do the same type or work under one cooperation. Standard Oil company under John D. Rockefeller owned 90% of the oil refining by 1880 creating a monopoly. Monopoly- is when a company owns almost all the market in something. Trust- is where one person manage several companies . (standard oil 1 st one)
Workers did specific task never seeing end product. Since of accomplishment gone Long Hours, Unhealthy working condition Wages were cut (but with deflation actually people were still making more than they were) but people saw getting paid less for the same job. 2 types of Industrial work Craft worker- had special skill or training ex. Machinist, iron molder, glass blowers, shoe makers. Earned high wage Common labors- had little or no skills, and earned low wage
Tactics used to keep unions out of industry
Blacklist, lockouts, strikebreakers (scabs) ,
People saw unions as a Marxist ideal
Karl Marx- Marxism- a theory of socialism in which a class struggle would exist until the workers were finally victorious , creating a classless state.
Panic of 1873 struck and wages were cut
Great Rail Road Strike of 1877.
1 st nationwide strike from St. Louis to Chicago(11 states in all) Gun battle broke out in many places
President Hayes sent troops in Chicago to put down strike. This ended the strike
*American Federation of Labor- Started by Samuel Gompers
only accept skilled workers. Wanted 8hr work day, smaller gains) better working conditions, higher wages (wanted Closed shop- only workers from union could be hired Wanted to make unions more acceptable to mainstream America
Knights of Labor -1 st union
nationwide industrial Called for 8 hour Work day, Equal pay for women, No child labor, Worker owned factories Used arbitration- 3 rd party talks , didn’t not strike at first Haymarket Riot
People protesting for 8 hr work day
Someone throws bomb. 7 police are killed and 4 protestors by the police. 8 men arrested executed for bombing one has a knights or labor card in pocket This ends the knights of labor .
Pullman Palace Car Company George Pullman founded this company and made it a self contained community. He provided everything for the workers Depression of 1893 hits and wages cut by 30%. Rent is increased
3 Workers file grievances and are fired. American Railway Union called in to help .
ARU American Railway Union founded by Eugene Debs. They stop handling Pullman cars .
Railroads are paralyzed
. Pullman attaches mail car to Pullman Car. Pres. Cleveland sends troops in to make sure mail gets delivered. Busting up strike and the ARU collapse.
Chapter 15 Day 4
By 1890’s half the immigrants in U.S. were from Eastern and Sothern Europe. People came because or religious persecution, military service, and European class system.
Immigrants arrived on the east coast at Ellis Island. (NY City) we do not accept everyone.
Chinese immigrants came to America because of gold rush.
Transcontinental R.R. needed workers 20 million Chinese lost life in rebellion at home Economic condition in china not good
Angel Island is where immigrants arrived on west coast.
Nativism- extreme dislike for immigrants by the current population
People wanted to limit immigration because: Religion: Most were catholic coming in (destroying protestant nation), Taking jobs, and work as strike breakers.
Chinese Exclusionary Act- kept Chinese Immigrants from coming to the U.S. for 10 years and prevented Chinese already here from becoming citizens .
• • • Cities start to grow (NY City 800,000(1860) to 3.5 million (1900) Innovation that allowed Cities to grow – Skyscrapers, mass transit cable cars, horse cars, trolley cars (pulley system), electric trolley cars 3 class Immerge during the end of 1800’s – High society – – Middle class Working class- the largest population •
Lived in tenements- dark, crowded multi-family apartments
Political Machines- Informal political groups that gained power because government could not keep up with growing city
helped the immigrants and got votes in return Tammany Hall- most famous democratic machine (in New York)
William M. “Boss” Tweed- famous leader of Tammany hall 1860-1870
The Gilded age was coined by Mark Twain and Charles Warner Called the Gilded Age because:
Everything looks great on outside but underneath lay corruption, poverty, crime, disparity between rich and poor.
Individualism- idea that a person could go far as their talents and ability would take them Herbert Spencer applied Charles Darwin’s Theory of Evolution and natural selection to society this was called Social Darwinism.
Survival of the fittest. Carnegie and Rockefeller believed in this
Carnegie Starts his “Gospel of Wealth” believed that the wealthy was obligated to help the poor. He built libraries. Philanthropy started.
Settlement houses-
places where the poor and immigrants could go get help (food, shelter, medical care, and education ) people
like Jane Addams believed it was their Christian duty to help the poor. (she opened Hull House)
Politics and Reforms Day 5 Baseball became popular , Ragtime (Scott Joplin famous ragtime composer), Schools practicing Americanization, Maple Leaf rag Entertainer
Spoil System- the winning party gave jobs to their supports. Huge turnover at election time. Pendleton Act- limited the spoil system. People had to take test to get job now. Sherman Antitrust Act- Made it illegal to form a trust. Wabash V. Illinois- said only Federal Gov. could regulate interstate trade
. Citizen Outrage by Court ruling, this made Pres. Cleveland create the Interstate Commerce Commission- 1 st federal law to regulate interstate commerce.
Farmers Started to form Alliances that would soon become the Populist Party because:
Production increased because of technology, crop prices falling High tariffs on manufactured goods made it harder to sell products overseas R.R. Charging high rates Banks charging High Interest rates
Government stopped printing Greenbacks Greenbacks-money printed that couldn’t be traded for silver or gold.
Caused deflation-money worth more but prices fell. Farmers had borrowed money and croups were bringing lower prices. Interest rates had increased. Farmers lost homes and farms.
The Grange- 1 organization(1866) formed by Oliver Kelly
st
national farm
Was a social and educational organization
Started cooperatives- farmers came together and bought in bulk (supplies, farm equipment
)
Farmers Alliance- came about in Lampasas County, TX 1877
Alliance met in Ocala, Fl and made a list of demands known as the Ocala Demands
Demands were: sub-treasury, abolition of banks, direct election of senators tariffs. Did not want to start 3 rd , govt. owning the R.R., free coinage of silver, lower party.
Met in Omaha Nebraska year later and decided to form a new
party the Populist or people’s party wanted:
sub-treasury, abolition of banks, direct election of senators , govt. owning the R.R
., free coinage of silver , lower tariffs. Did not want to start 3 James Weaver 1 st populist party .
Got 1 million votes rd party Presidential candidate to run for the
Election of 1896 ends Populist Party
Democrat candidate Williams Jennings Bryan supported populist ideals. Populist backed him. Bryan lost and the populist party was over.
Segregation
Many African American became Sharecroppers after civil war
Sharecroppers- landless farmers who farmed other people’s land and gave the owner a portion of the crop.
Exodus- is when many African Americans left the south. And went to places like Kansas. Led by Ben Singleton Mississippi Plan- is a common name for states passing voting laws to disfranchise certain groups.
Laws kept poor whites and African Amer. From voting (disfranchised) Poll tax, literacy test, own property, grandfather clause
Segregation- separation of races
Jim Crow-laws enforcing segregation
Plessey V. Ferguson- separate but equal
Lynching- killing of a person w/o a hearing
Ida B. wells- launched a crusade against lynching.
Booker T. Washington- wanted economic advancement. Vocational Education
Atlanta compromise- he told people to postpone the fight for civil rights
. W.E.B. Du Bois- wanted immediate equality and started the NAACP