Transcript Oral Health of Adult Populations
Dental Public Health Considerations for Prison Populations
Nicholas S. Makrides DMD, MA, MPH CAPT, USPHS Slides Provided by Jay D. Shulman, DMD, MA, MSPH
Correctional Systems in the United States
Characterized by fragmentation Prison – Federal Bureau of Prisons (10%) Individual state and territorial prisons Jail Federal Bureau of Prisons County
Objectives
Describe “public health approach” to correctional dentistry Demographics of incarcerated ‘community’ Discuss the absence of published studies Describe the oral health needs of inmates Provide recommendations for developing a correctional dentistry research agenda
Dental Public Health
Focus is community, rather than individual Community: a group with diverse characteristics linked by social ties, common perspectives, or geography. A prison or correctional system is a community in public health sense As correctional dentists, this is your community
Public Health versus Clinical Paradigms
Problems Common to all Public Health Clinics and Settings
Limited Resources Inadequate funding Dental budgets often subsumed in medical budgets Tremendous Oral Health Need Periodontal disease High caries rate Professional Staffing Salaries are not competitive Economic incentives of private practice are alluring Dentists do not want to work in a prison Support staff hard to recruit
Models of Dental Care
Free-Market Model
Unconstrained resources Private practice Preservation and restoration of natural teeth Cost not a factor Implants, posterior endo, C&B, cosmetic restorations Maximize individual’s oral health
Institutional Model
Constrained resources Military, community health centers, prisons / jails Preservation and maintenance of oral health Cost-effectiveness Not all missing teeth replaced Maximize community’s oral health
Considerations for Delivery of Care
Standard of care must be established Care must be prioritized Classification system Populations targeted Prevention models Oral Hygiene Instruction (OHI) Use of fluorides (NaF) Atraumatic Restorative Technique (ART)
Demographics
Understanding your Patient Population
U.S. Prison and Jail Census
The Breakdown
Total incarcerated: 2,267,787 Federal & state prisons: 1,421,911 (62.7%) State and federal inmates held in local jails: 74,378 Local jails: 713,990 (31.5%) Juvenile facilities: 102,338 US Territory prisons: 15,757 Homeland Security facilities: 9,788 Military prisons: 2,177 (excluding Guantánamo) Indian country jails: 1,826
Inmates by Race
Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics
Inmates by Gender
Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics
Impact of Demographics
Large proportion of low-SES inmates Large minority population High prevalence of chronic disease Diabetes, HIV associated with periodontal and mucosal disease Graying population ↑ oral cancer risk High prevalence of mentally ill Large unmet oral health needs based on anecdotal evidence and limited studies
Published Studies
NHANES Target Population
Total US civilian, non-institutionalized population
Surgeon General’s Report
The Invisible Population
Usual sources of national oral health data (NHANES, BRFSS) exclude the institutionalized
Oral Health in America: A Report of the Surgeon General
acknowledged importance of characterizing oral health needs but stated that data were insufficient or lacking No Healthy People 2010 oral health objectives for incarcerated populations
A Void in Peer-Reviewed Literature
Correctional dentistry is the academic backwater 6 papers relating to adults of which only three were published after 1977* No national reports of inmate health Not part of the US research agenda No projects: oral health of incarcerated CRISP search CDC and NIDCR Robert Wood Johnson *Treadwell HM, Formicola AJ,
Am J Public Health
. 2005 Oct;95(10):1677-8.
Issues Surrounding Inmate Care
Unpopular with taxpayers Legislators may find it difficult to support inmate programs May lose favor with constituents “Hug a thug” not good electoral strategy Dental Societies rally around causes that build consensus. “Give a Kid a Smile Day” Public health communities often do not see prisons as a public health population.
What is Known
There are approximately 15 known studies describing the prevalence of disease within prison populations.
All studies reveal unmet needs (caries an periodontal disease) Very few studies follow a cohort longitudinally to investigate preventative or intervention efforts.
Why is Conducting Research Difficult
Research is a low priority for most clinical dentists Coordinating efforts is often cumbersome Reliability of data is often questionable Inmates are mobile throughout the system IRB will not permit clinical studies Very few public health trained dentists working in corrections
Raising Awareness
METH MOUTH
Thinking Out of The Box
“Never, ever think outside the box.”
National Recommendations
NHANES for institutionalized populations Inclusion of institutionalized populations in 2010 and 2020 initiatives Better working relationships with state dental directors and DOC dental directors Inclusion of oral health within the overall general health of inmates being released Establish level of care standards for correctional dentistry
National Recommendations
Partner with academic institutions with strong Public Health programs (Shulman @ Baylor) Increase the number of public health practitioners Develop a fellowship in correctional dentistry Increase the IT infrastructure to include electronic health records
Electronic Medical/Dental Records
Assessing the problem Collect accurate baseline data at intake DMFT CPITN Soft Tissue and Oral Cancer Examinations The Electronic Health Record.
Realtime DATA Longitudinal Studies Information about access Waiting times Access to medical conditions that may be confounders
Transitioning Inmates into Society
Individual’s constitutional right to dental care stops the day he leaves prisons (unique to US) No safety nets for adult dental care In US dentistry is a luxury good The last opportunity for consistent dental care is in prisons
Legal Basis
Courts have held that institutions that show deliberate indifference to serious medical needs of inmates violate inmates’ right to be free from “cruel and unusual punishment” guaranteed by Amendment VIII of the US Constitution.
Estelle v. Gamble (1976)
Special Thanks to Jay D. Shulman DMD, MA, MSPH
“The degree of civilization in a society can be judged by entering its prisons.”
Dostoyevsky