Irrigation Management for High Quality Wine Grape Production
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Transcript Irrigation Management for High Quality Wine Grape Production
Grapevine Irrigation
Management
Dr. Robert L. Wample
April 1, 2004
Management
(Webster’s Dictionary)
To handle or direct
with a degree of skill
To treat with care
To alter by
manipulation
To achieve one’s
purpose (goal)
Wisdom
Knowledge
Information
273 0 32
273K 0C 32F
Irrigation Management
No More RDI!
Eto x Kc = Etc
Soil moisture
+
Water potential (Plant
water status)
Information
Knowledge
Wisdom
Grapevine Irrigation Management
Plant Water Status
And
Physiological Response
Soil Moisture
Management
Evaporative Demand
Eto x Kc = Etc
Grapevine Irrigation Management
Plant Water Status
Pressure chamber
Shoot growth rate
Leaf temperature
InfraRed and Air Temperature
Measurement
Objective:
Simultaneous
measurement of leaf
and air temperature
Supplement or
replacement of
pressure chamber
Geolocation of data
Fast (~ 10 seconds)
Grapevine Irrigation Management
Eto (class “A” pan or calculated)
Published information
Weather Stations
Crop Coefficient (Kc)
Published Information
Eto x Kc = Etc
(expenditures)
Larry Williams Technique (% shade area at
solar noon X 0.017) + cover crop if present
Grapevine Irrigation Management
Neutron Probe
Capacitance Probes
Tensiometers (?)
Soil Moisture
Soil Sampling Tube
(bank account)
Shovel
Steel Rod
Grapevine Water Requirements
When:
budbreak
to flowering
(<5%)
flowering to fruit set
(15%)
fruit set to veraison
(60%)
veraison to harvest
(20%)
harvest to leaf fall (dormancy) (3-5%)
How much Irrigation:
On
a worldwide basis 0-30 acre-inches
Grapevine Irrigation Management
Developing an irrigation plan
setting
goals for your vineyard
acquire information
Eto,
Kc,
precipitation(total
and seasonal)
know your soils (variability)depth, profile, water
holding capacity, infiltration rate (This is the vines
“water bank account”)
evaluate your water supply (reliability, quality)
Plant water status
Grapevine Irrigation Management
Developing an irrigation plan (cont.)
know
your vines
rootstock,
root system
general health (nematodes, phylloxera, etc.)
understand
deposits
the “banking system”
(precipitation and irrigation)
withdrawals (evaporation, transpiration)
bank charges (bound water, deep percolation,
impenetrable barriers)
Grapevine Irrigation Management
Developing an irrigation plan (cont.)
understand
the “economics of water use”
changes
in seasonal withdrawals
benefits or costs of low balance
the ability to increase your bank balance
timeliness
quantity
UNDERSTAND
YOUR IRRIGATION SYSTEM
Grapevine Irrigation Management
THERE ARE NO SILVER BULLETS
THIS IS A HIGHER LEVEL OF MANAGEMENT
REQUIRES AN UNDERSTANDING OF THE
ANNUAL CYCLES OF GRAPEVINE GROWTH,
DEVELOPMENT AND PHYSIOLOGY
GRAPEVINES ARE VERY TOLERANT OF WATER
STRESS
3.5
Available Soil Moisture
3.0
ETp
Soil Moisture with irrigation
equal to ETp beginning
mid June
Acre-Inches
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
0
5
10
15
Weeks Beginning April 1
20
25
30
NIR SPECTROSCOPY
AND WINEMAKING
BRIMROSE CORP OF AMERICA
Baltimore, Maryland USA
What is NIR?
Radio
UHF
Infrared
Mid
=
400 750 2.500
16.000
Near
1.000.000 nm
Small portion of electromagnetic
spectrum (700-2500 nm)
No sample preparation -- direct
measurement on bulk sample
Non-destructive
Long
1
Vis
Micro
Medium
Ultra violet
IR
Short
X
UV
Cosmic Gamma
What is NIR?
Simultaneously measurements for
different properties within second(s)
Can measure chemical and physical
properties
Good for all sample types --solids,
liquids, powders, slurries, pastes, gels,
gases, etc.
How AOTF Acousto-Optic Tunable
Filter scans NIR spectrum
Scans extremely rapidly by the
very nature of piezoelectric pulsing
White light
Zero order beam
RF MHz
Why Acousto Optic Tunable Filter
(AOTF) Spectrometer?
AOTF Analyzer
VS
Scanning speed: 30-40 spectra per
second (16,000 wav/sec)
Solid state, no moving parts
High signal to noise
No Wavelength re-calibration
required
Capability to measure in Ambient
light
Miniature, robust design
Traditional Scanning
Monochromators
Scanning speed: 1
spectra per second
MANY moving parts
Good signal to noise
Wavelength re-calibration
required frequently
Ambient light can be
problem
Laboratory based
BenchTop design
APPLICATION CALIBRATION
Collect samples
Acquire spectra with spectrometer
Test samples to acquire reference data
Add spectra and reference data to model
Create prediction program
Advantages of AOTF-NIR
Analyzers
Portable: vineyard and/or cellar
Ease of use
Real-time Simultaneous
measurements
of different properties
Connectivity with GPS
Downloads to computer system via WIRELESS
ETHERNET connection automatically
Economical, year round use
Allows for individual research and calibration
CURRENT APPLICATIONS FOR
RIPENING GRAPES
Measures sugar (degrees Brix)
Measures pH
Measures titratable acid
Displays results as a frequency
distribution
POTENTIAL APPLICATIONS FOR
RIPENING GRAPES
Gross phenolics
Tannins
Anthocyanins/ color
Berry texture, cell wall
breakdown
Fructose/glucose ratio
Seed hardness
Thank you