Transcript Slide 1

The Clean Air Rules of
2005
Bill Wehrum
U.S. EPA, Office of Air & Radiation
1
CAIR Health and Environmental Benefits:
Benefits over 25 Times Greater than Costs
• By 2015, CAIR will result in $85-100
billion in health benefits each year,
preventing:
• 17,000 premature deaths
• 22,000 non-fatal heart attacks
• 12,300 hospital admissions
• 1.7 million lost work days
• 500,000 lost school days.
• Almost $2 billion in improved visibility
benefits each year.
• Other non-monetized benefits –
reductions of mercury emissions, acid
rain, nitrification, eutrophication, and
more.
• In 2015, CAIR will cost about $3.6 billion
a year. Implementation beyond 2015
leads to higher annual benefits and costs.
2
CAIR and Other Major Air Pollution Rules Since 1990:
Annual Emission Reductions at Full Implementation
10
Million Tons
8
6
4
2
0
Clean Air
Interstate Rule
(from 2003
emission levels)*
Heavy-Duty Diesel
Emissions (Final
Rule 12/00)
Tier II Vehicle
Emissions (Final
Rule 12/99)
SO2
Non-Road Diesel
(Final Rule 5/04)
NOx
*These reductions are calculated from 2003 levels and do not reflect the full phase in of the acid rain program.
Full implementation for mobile source rules is 2030. Full implementation for the CAIR is between 2020 and 2025.
NOx SIP Call
(Final Rule 10/98)
Nonroad Large
Spark-Ignition
Engines, and
Recreational
Engines (Final
Rule 9/02)
3
Clean Air Interstate Rule and Other Major Air Pollution
Rules Since 1990: Annual Benefits
Benefits of CAIR will continue to
increase post-2015
$120
Billions ($1999)
$100
$80
$60
$40
$20
$0
2015
2030
2030
2030
Clean Air
Non-Road Diesel
Heavy-Duty
Tier II Vehicle
Interstate Rule
Rule (Proposed Diesel Rule (Final (Final Rule 12/99)
(Final Rule 3/05)
Rule 5/03)
Rule 12/00)
2030
2004
Nonroad Large
Spark-Ignition
Engines, and
Recreational
Engines (Final
Rule 9/02)
NOx SIP Call
(Final Rule 10/98)
Notes: NOx SIP Call benefits are inflated from 1990 dollars and represent the higher range of projected final rule benefits. A discount rate of 3% is used for the
benefits calculation. For CAIR, an alternative 7% discount rate would yield roughly $86 billion of benefits in 2015.
CAIR and Other Major Air Pollution Rules Since 1990: Annual
Private Compliance Costs at Full Implementation
$5,000
CAIR represents a
substantial investment
in cleaner air, and
projected benefits are
over 25 times greater
than the projected
costs.
$4,500
$4,000
Millions
$3,500
$3,000
$2,500
$2,000
$1,500
$1,000
$500
$Clean Air
Interstate Rule
(as of 2020)
Tier II Vehicle
Heavy-Duty Diesel NOx SIP Call (Final Non-Road Diesel
(Final Rule 12/99) Rule (Final Rule
Rule 10/98)
Rule (Final Rule
12/00)
5/04)
Notes: Annual Costs are EPA projections. NOx SIP Call costs were inflated from 1990 dollars. Full implementation for
mobile source rules is 2030.
Nonroad Large
Spark-Ignition
Engines, and
Recreational
Engines (Final
Rule 9/02)
5
National NOx and SO2 Power Plant Emissions:
Historic and Projected with CAIR
20
SO2
Million Tons
15
10
NOx
Projected, w/ CAIR
5
0
1980
Source: EPA
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
2015
6
2020
In the East, Regional Emissions Contribute
Significantly to Local Nonattainment Problems
Urban v. Regional Contribution to PM
Concentrations
(2000-2002 Average, ug/m3)
25
• Because emissions
are often transported
across state
boundaries, both
regional and local
action is needed to
address air quality
issues.
20
15
10
• Federal action would
significantly reduce the
burden on state and
local governments by
addressing transport.
5
0
St.Louis
Birmingham
Atlanta
Indianapolis
Cleveland
Urban Increment
Charlotte
Richmond
Baltimore
Washington
Bronx
Regional Contribution
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Areas Designated Nonattainment for Ozone and PM 2.5 NAAQS in
2004
126 ozone
nonattainment areas
with 474 counties
Nonattainment areas for
8-hour ozone pollution only
47 PM2.5
nonattainment areas
with 224 counties
Nonattainment areas for
fine particle pollution only
Nonattainment areas for
both 8-hour ozone
and fine particle pollution
8
Ozone and Particle Pollution: CAIR, together with other Clean Air
Programs, Will Bring Cleaner Air to Areas in the East - 2015
Ozone and Fine Particle Nonattainment
Areas (March 2005)
Projected Nonattainment Areas in 2015 after Reductions
from CAIR and Existing Clean Air Act Programs
104 ozone
nonattainment areas
with 408 counties
5 ozone
nonattainment
areas
43 PM2.5
nonattainment areas
with 211 counties
14 PM2.5
nonattainment
areas
Nonattainment areas for
8-hour ozone pollution only
Nonattainment areas for
fine particle pollution only
Nonattainment areas for
both 8-hour ozone
and fine particle pollution
Projections concerning future levels of air pollution in specific geographic
locations were estimated using the best scientific models available. They are
estimations, however, and should be characterized as such in any description.
Actual results may vary significantly if any of the factors that influence air
quality differ from the assumed values used in the projections shown here.
Two Ways to Address Transported Emissions from
Power Plants
• The President’s Clear Skies legislation is the preferred approach
to achieving multi-pollutant emission reductions:
– Multipollution caps apply to entire country.
– Legislation can provide more certainty and less complexity.
• Use of existing Clean Air Act authority to address interstate
transport of pollution:
– Until legislation passes, our attainment deadlines and other
problems related to power plant emissions demand we act
now.
– CAIR will provide very significant air quality attainment, health,
and environmental improvements across the eastern U.S. in a
highly cost-effective manner.
10
CAIR Implementation
• The Clean Air Interstate Rule uses an approach
that is similar to the NOx SIP Call but contains
improvements, including:
– Fewer complexities
– No Flow Control
– Facility Level Compliance vs. Unit Level
11
CAIR Delivers Considerable Environmental Benefits
In 2015, annual visibility benefits would be almost $2 billion for improvements in
southeastern national parks, such as Great Smoky and Shenandoah, and forests.
CAIR will reduce the number of acidic lakes ─ significant regional reductions in sulfur
and nitrogen deposition are projected to benefit lakes and streams in the eastern U.S.
Northeast Region ─ Chronic acidity
would be dramatically reduced by 2030
(only 1% of lakes would remain
chronically acidic).*
Adirondacks
25
20
Adirondack Mountains ─ Eliminates
chronic acidity from lakes in the
Adirondacks*
15
10
Southeast Region ─ Slows the rate of
stream acidification.
21%
12%
5
0%
Reductions in nitrogen deposition will
benefit sensitive coastal ecosystems.
0
Current
Base Case (2030)
CAIR (2030)
*Note: The figure presents results for chronic acidity only in modeled lakes. As such, model results apply to a subset
of lakes in the Adirondacks and cannot be generalized to all waters in that area. These results do not include lakes
that experience episodic acidification, or short periods of low Acid Neutralizing Capacity or high acidity, during storms
or snowmelt. A significant proportion of Adirondack lakes could still experience episodic acidification at levels
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potentially harmful to fish and other aquatic species.
Visibility (2020)
Deciview Change 1996 vs. 2020
with Clear Skies
• Under Clear Skies visibility in a large
portion of the East and Midwest would
improve 2-3 deciviews from current
levels
• visibility along the southern
Appalachian Mountains would
improve more than 3 deciviews
• Clear Skies would improve visibility in
the East and Midwest 1-2 deciviews
beyond what is expected under
existing programs
Deciview Change 2020 Base Case vs.
Clear Skies
Deciview Change
(On this map, a positive change in
deciview is an improvement in
visibility; an negative change in
deciview is a decrease in visibility.)
• Under Clear Skies the WRAP
agreement will be honored and the
emissions reductions are expected to
take effect
• allow future growth in the West to
occur without degrading visibility
13
Mercury Emissions Have Dropped 45% Since 1990
250
Other
220 tons
Tons Per Year
Gold Mines
195 tons
200
Hazardous Waste
Incineration
150
Chlorine Production
120 tons
Institutional Boilers
100
Medical Waste
Incinerators
Utility Coal Boilers
50
Municipal Waste
Combustors
0
1990 Emissions
1996 Emissions
1999 Emissions
Source: EPA 1990, 1996 NTI and EPA 1999 NEI. Short tons per year. Adjusted for gold mines in 1990 and 1996.
14
*The 1990 and 1996 NEI did not include gold mining emissions data. The emissions shown here for gold mines in those years are assumed
to be equal to emissions for those mines in 1999.
*Includes
is
h
both canned light and albacore tuna
Source: Carrington and Bolger, 2002 cited in NESCAUM briefing to EPA
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Methylmercury Concentration (ppm)
Average Mercury Concentrations for Top 24 Types of Fish
Consumed in U.S. Commercial Seafood Market
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
Fish Type
15
Mercury Emissions Are a Global Problem
1999 Global Mercury Emissions
U.S. Power
Plant
Emissions
1%
Emissions
from All
Other
Countries
97%
U.S. All
Other
Sources
2%
16
Source: Based on Pacyna, J., Munthe J., Presentation at Workshop on Mercury, Brussels, March 29-30, 2004
Mercury Deposition in the U.S.
Total Mercury Deposition
in the U.S.
U.S. Mercury Deposition from U.S. Utilities
12
160
144.23
10
140
120
8
100
133.18
60
40
20
6
Tons of Mercury
Tons of Mercury
80
11.05
4
2
3.38
11.05
0
= 2001total deposition in the U.S. from all
sources, domestic and global
= 2001 deposition in the U.S. from U.S.
utilities
0
2001 deposition
from U.S. utilities
Source: U.S. EPA 2005
2020 deposition from U.S. utilities
after CAIR, Clean Air Mercury Rule
& other Clean Air Act programs
Coal Fired Power Plants in the U.S.
•
About 1,300 coal-fired
generation units (~ 500 coalfired power plants),
representing about 305 GW of
generation capacity
•
Existing Controls:
– Almost all units have particulate
matter (PM) control devices
– About one-third of capacity has
SO2 scrubbers
– Most have initial NOx controls
(low-NOx burners)
– About one-third of the capacity
(primarily in the east) will have
advanced NOx control (SCR)
when NOx SIP call is fully
implemented
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Mercury Capture in Existing Equipment
Removal in PM Controls
• Hg can be adsorbed onto unburned carbon surfaces, and
captured in cold-side ESPs or FFs
Capture in Wet Scrubbers
• Hg(II) capture depends on solubility of each compound; Hg(0)
is insoluble and cannot be easily captured
• Capture enhanced by upstream SCR for bituminous coal-fired
boilers
19
Emerging Mercury Control Technologies
20
Enhancing Hg Removal in Wet Scrubbers
Increase the amount of Hg(II) in flue gas
Oxidizing
Catalysts
SCR
Wet Scrubber Stack
PM Control
Coal & Air
Ash
Oxidizing
Chemicals
Residue
SCR – ongoing full-scale measurements: ~85- 90+% Hg removal for SCR + PM control + wet scrubber with
bituminous coals; performance with low-rank coals uncertain. Effects of catalyst volume and aging and
optimization of SCR for Hg capture need investigation.
Oxidizing catalysts and chemicals – under development
FGD chemical additive – tests have been conducted at 3 sites;
(1) limestone forced oxidation (LSFO) scrubber - successful in suppressing Hg re-emission, which results
from part of the Hg absorbed in the scrubber solution getting converted to the insoluble Hg(0).
(2) magnesium-enhanced lime scrubber – not successful in suppressing Hg re-emission.
(3) LSFO with SCR – without SCR, additive was successful in suppressing Hg re-emission (Hg removal in
scrubber improved from 70% to 78%); there was no need for additive with SCR, in which case more
than 90% of Hg was removed in the scrubber.
21
Sorbent Injection
Option1
sorbent injection
ESP
coal
• Sorbent is injected
upstream of the PM
control device (ESP or FF)
• Collected fly ash and
sorbent are mixed
fly ash + sorbent
Option 2: Electric Power Research Institute’s (EPRI) TOXECON™ System
sorbent injection
COHPAC™
ESP
coal
fly ash (99%)
• Sorbent injection +
Compact Hybrid
Particulate Collector
(COHPACTM)
• Potential solution to ash
reuse problems
fly ash(1%) + sorbent
The extent of capture depends on:
• Sorbent characteristics (particle size distribution, porosity, capacity at different gas temperatures)
• Residence time in the flue gas
• Type of PM control (FF vs. ESP)
• Concentrations of SO3 and other contaminants
22
Activated Carbon Injection (ACI)
•
ACI has successfully been used to
reduce mercury emissions from
waste combustors. Efforts are
underway to transfer to coal-fired
power plants.
•
ACI is currently only being used in
demonstration projects.
Activated carbon storage and feed system
Activated carbon injection system
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