Transcript Document

Advanced Technologies towards Zero
Emissions (ZETs) from coal fired plant and
their introduction in EU Member States
John Topper
Managing Director, IEA Clean Coal Centre
Energy Policy and Strategy of Sustainable Development for
Central and Eastern European Countries until 2030
Warsaw, Poland, 22-23 November
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Background and Content
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• This presentation uses material from Towards zero
emissions coal-fired power plants, an IEA CCC report
recently issued, author Dr Colin Henderson
• Which is the third of a group of three - the first two were
Clean coal technologies and Clean coal technologies
roadmaps
• Will discuss targets for ZETs, the main technologies and
development pathways
• And give examples of policies being followed in Germany
and UK and by the European Commission.
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Current plant emissions and suggested ZETs
targets (stack gas concentrations at 6% O2, dry)
Techn’gy
SO2
mg/m³
NOx as NO2
mg/m³
Particles
mg/m³
PCC +FGD
100-400
(to 98%)
100-200
(SCR)
10-50
CFBC
As PCC
<200-400
<50
PFBC
As PCC
120-400
<50
IGCC
98-99%
removal
<75
<1
NGCC
Negligible
<30 (SCR)-300
0
PCC as
ZETs
<100 (interim)
<30 (eventual)
<100 (interim)
<50 eventual)
<10
90% removal
>80%
removal
IGCC as
ZETs
<25
<25
<1
90% removal
>80%
removal
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Mercury
CO2
kg/kWh
710-920
~370
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Technologies as possible bases for ZETs
•
Starting point is current technologies: PCC, CFBC, PFBC
and IGCC
•
CO2 capture over-riding in setting ZETs plant designs
•
As platforms for CO2 capture, supercritical PCC and IGCC
most valuable
•
PCC: large commercial base and experience of flue gas
scrubbing for CO2 capture
•
IGCC: good emissions performance and possible less
efficiency loss for CO2 capture
•
Both needed to allow for different drivers and policies in
different countries
•
CFBC will have a niche role
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CO2 capture systems for PCC - ZETs
N2, excess
O2, H2O, etc
Air and coal
De-NOx,
FGD, ESP
Boiler
Amine
scrubbing
CO2 to
storage
Flue gas scrubbing
Recycle
combustion
gases
Oxygen and
coal
Boiler
Moisture
removal
Contaminants
removal
CO2 to
storage
Oxy-coal combustion
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Technologies - PCC-ZETs … (1)
CO2 capture - flue gas chemical scrubbing:
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Based on methods established on reducing gases using
amines
Experience on flue gas flows up to equivalent of 50 MWe
Flue gas introduces issues like corrosion, solvent
degradation
Energy consumption high but being reduced (new solvents
and integration improvements)
Around a ~9% points efficiency penalty looks achievable
Other work: inorganic absorbents; membrane contactors;
physical separation
Will need to consider how to integrate with SOx, NOx,
particulates controls and possibly mercury removal
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Technologies - PCC-ZETs … (2)
CO2 caputre – oxygen firing with recycle flue gas (oxycoal firing):
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Demonstrated for power generation from coal only in pilot
test rigs
Feasibility study for retrofit 30 MWe coal unit in Australia
Large pilot plant planned by Vatenfall next to SchwarzePumpe power station in Germany
Efficiency penalty appears similar to chemical scrubbing
New oxygen production technology would reduce penalty
Potential issues: corrosion, deposition, in-leakage of air
Co-disposal with other captured pollutants may allow
close to true zero emissions
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Possible pathway to PCC-ZETs to 2025
2015
2005
Advanced USC PCC demo
non-CO2 capture
Hg activities:
removal methods
characterisation
SO2, NOx, particulates
control: reduce cost
of systems
S/C PCC
First commercial sales
PCC-ZETs
retrofits and new
2025
Advanced USC PCC
commercial
non-CO2 capture
Advanced PCC-ZETs
CO2 capture:
Large plant
chemical scrubbing demo
CO2 capture R&D activities:
New solvents, heat integration
Other absorbents
Membrane contactors
Adsorption
Oxy-coal test programmes
Oxy-coal large plant demo
Oxy-coal demo
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ITM oxygen
plants commercial
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R&D needs – PCC and PCC-ZETs
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Ferritic materials and nickel alloys for higher steam conditions
Widen range of deep SO2 removal systems
Develop SCR for deep NOx removal from coal-fired plants
Develop mercury removal and measurement systems
CO2 capture by flue gas scrubbing - new solvents
CO2 capture from flue gas using membrane contactors and
adsorption techniques
• Oxy-coal: develop NOx removal from CO2 disposal stream
• Oxy-coal: develop mercury removal from CO2 disposal stream
• Oxy-coal combustion: explore process implications of co•
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disposal
Oxy-coal: testing of materials for high steam parameters
Scale up ion transport membranes for oxygen production
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CO2 pre-combustion capture for IGCC - ZETs
Hydrogen to
gas turbine
Coal plus
oxygen
Gasification and
solids removal
Shift
Steam
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Acid gas
removal system
CO2 to
storage
Hydrogen sulphide
to sulphur recovery
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IGCC - ZETs
CO2 capture – pre-combustion:
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For CO2 capture, syngas would be shifted to CO2 plus
additional H2, CO2 separated and the H2 burnt in the gas
turbine
CO2 in relatively high concentration, capture with lower
efficiency penalty compared with PCC plant
Experience of E-class GTs on 95% H2. F-turbines under
development
Syngas shift requires steam - quench gasifier simplifies and
reduces cost
Integrating enhanced abatement of conventional emissions:
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SO2 - already very low levels. Capture of CO2 can be
integrated
NOx - SCR or future ultra low-NOx combustion systems
Co-disposal with CO2 could lower costs
Particulates emissions already virtually nil
Mercury emissions depend on the gasifier
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Possible pathway to 2025 for IGCC-ZETs
2015
2005
Further large demonstration
non-CO2 capture
IGCC plants
2025
Commercial
non-CO2 capture
IGCC plants
HGCU R&D:
particulates
SO2, NH3
mercury, CO2
CO2 capture:
physical scrubbing demo
IGCC
commercial
scale
demos
F-class hydrogen turbine
development
and commercialisation
(other markets)
CO2 capture R&D:
membrane separation
membrane reactors
PSA
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Early full flow IGCC ZETs
demonstrations
ITM oxygen
plants commercial
Advanced IGCC
ZETs plants
various technologies
multi-products
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R&D needs - IGCC and IGCC-ZETs
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Develop improved refractories
Improve gas coolers
Feed systems for low-rank coals
Hot gas clean-up developments
Syngas tests on new turbine designs
Mercury removal and measurement systems
CO2 separation technologies (physical solvents,
membranes, adsorption)
Membrane reactors
Scale up ion transport membranes for oxygen production
Demonstrate hydrogen turbines in F-class
Ultra low-NOx burners for syngas and hydrogen
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Why we need both technologies!
Uncertainty in R & D – not sure of outcomes and
associated costs for ultra-supercritical PCC
and IGCC
IGCC looks more suitable when CO2 Capture is
involved but it is currently higher risk and will
take 15-20+ years to see market penetration
Construction policy in China and India favours
PCC – where most “new build” will occur
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China – Future Ordering Patterns
30
New Orders to meet IEA/Interfax/McCoy/China Energy Forecast
Thermal Capacity 2020 Prediction = 720GW
43
25
40
20
30
GW
No.
600MW
Units
15
20
10
10
5
2004
2005
2006
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2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
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European Roadmaps
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Federal Ministry
of Economy and Labour
Potential of Utilisation on Time Scale
C O O R E T E C : Roadmap
2050
ZeroEmission
Power Plant
Vision
2020
HybridPower Plant
Materials
800°C
Steam PP h=55%
Gas pp h=65%
2015
IGCC
Demo
OxyfuelDemo
Min. Leaks
Capture
CO2-Reservoirs with
Membranes
Steam PP h=50%
Gas PP h>60%
2010
Procedures
2005
Materials 700°C
CO2/H2-Turbine
Protection
Materials
Systems
CO2Wash
Strategielinie: Effizienz
low
Strategielinie:CO2-Capture/ Storage
medium
high
Risk of R&D
Referat IX A 8
CAT Options are complementary
Carbon
Reduction
Key issue will be value of CO2
`Zero Emissions`
Trajectory
`Increased
Efficiency`
Trajectory
Zero emissions will need the most efficient plant
Near-term
Mid-term
Long-term
Time
CCS Timeline
Immediate Issues to be
Addressed :• Design Studies
• Performance Standards
• Monitoring & Verification
• Legal/Regulatory
2004
2008
Commence
Demo
CCS operational
Commence
build
Demo
operational
2012
2015
2020
CO2 C+S R&D Policy
 A Priority in Long Term Energy R&D in FP6 (2002-2006)
 Capture and sequestration of CO2, associated
with cleaner fossil fuel plants.
Targets: reduce the cost of CO2 capture from
50-60 € to 20-30 € per tonne of CO2 captured,
whilst aiming at achieving capture rates above
90%, and assess the reliability and long term
stability of sequestration.
- P Dechamps
– Nov 2004
- 21
Directorate General for Research
Components of FP7?
 Continued focus on Carbon Capture and
Storage
 Re-introduction of Clean Coal Technology in
recognition of the drive for greater efficiency
whilst CCS is developed and deployed
 Technology Platform to advise on strategy
and direction of these two elements
- P Dechamps
– Nov 2004
- 22
Directorate General for Research
Conclusions
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ZETs needed to maintain power security
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Targets are suggested for emissions of conventional
pollutants and mercury as well as for CO2 for ZETs
•
As platforms for ZETs, supercritical PCC and IGCC
most likely to dominate future markets
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Incentives needed for conventional IGCC
demonstrations also as a foundation for IGCC-ZETs
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Concentrate on increased efficiency and lower
emissions of conventional pollutants whilst
developing and deploying CCS technologies
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Does Poland and other Central European states need
to become more engaged in the drive towards ZETs?
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