Transcript No Slide Title

Economic Burden of Workplace
Assaults in Washington State
Barbara Silverstein & Mike Foley
Darrin Adams, Randy Clark,
Sarah Davison
Safety & Health Assessment &
Research for Prevention
(SHARP) Program
WA State Dept of Labor &
Industries
SHARP
National Statistics
CFOI 1995-2000: average 6004 reported
work related fatal injuries in US
• `13.5% homicides (n=809)
• WA (7.0%)
BLS: 19,582 nonfatal assaults
• Rate of 2.3 per 10,000
National Crime Victimization Survey (DOJ):
1.7 million assaults at work
• Rate of 126 per 10,000
SHARP
Washington State Workers Compensation
Assault Type 1998-2003a
Average #
Struck/beaten by fellow worker/patient
Struck/beaten during crime
Bitten
Kicked
Struck nec
Shot by another person
Stabbed
State Fund data
1,155
344
200
112
143
6
0
SHARP
Washington State Workers Compensation
Assault Claims & Costs 1995-2000
SF
SI
Average # claims
2,080
Average # compensable claims
452
188
Rate per 10,000
15.1
Compensable rate/10, 000
3.3
2.9
Average cost medical only
$4,906
Average cost compensable
$20,469
% Female
58.2% 55.4%
Average age
35.4
38.3
BLS Rates: Private sector US 2.3, WA 2.2
State Govt:30.4
SHARP
WA State Fund Assaults per 10,000 FTEs Top 7
NAICS 1998-2003. (> 50% of all assaults in SIC 80, 83)
1000
Claims Per 10,000 FTE
900
800
Psychiatric Hospitals
700
600
Residential Mental Health
Facilities
Other Residential Care Facilities
500
Community Food/Housing Svcs
400
Nursing Care Facilities
300
Administration of Human
Resource Progs
Vocational Rehabilitation Services
200
100
0
1998
1999
2000
2001
Injury Year
2002
2003
SHARP
Washington State Fund Accepted Assault Claims:
WC Direct Cost by Industry Sector,2002
Industry
N
Total
Average
Median
Agriculture
31
$170,186
$5,490
$325
Construction
25
$426,721
$17,069
$797
Light Manufacture
13
$16,103
$1,239
$245
6
$2,652
$442
$217
Transport/Comm
20
$305,095
$15,255
$352
Wholesale/Retail
179
$604,563
$3,377
$435
32
$35,415
$1,107
$497
Business Services 194
$410,405
$2,115
$295
Heavy Manufacture
FIRE
Professional Srvs
998
$4,773,659
$4,783
$317
Public Admin
263
$1,878,795
$7,143
$423 SHARP
Washington State Fund Assault Claims by
Type(%), 2003 (excludes health care & social services)
TYPE
I
II
III
IV
All
24.3
55.0
20.4
0.3
Agriculture(5)
-
66.7
33.3
Construction(10)
10.0
20.0
Light Mfg (7)
-
-
Heavy Mfg (11)
27.3
9.1
Avg TL:24
70.0
days
100.0 Avg $6,277
Med age 35
63.6
-
Transport (17)
-
82.4
17.7
-
Retail/Whole (114)
37.7
42.1
20.2
-
FIRE (28)
25.0
67.9
7.1
-
Srvc s prof/gov(139) 18.7
68.4
12.2
0.7
SHARP
Washington State Fund Assault Claims by
Type(%)b, 2003 (excludes health care & social services)
TYPE
I
II
III
IV
Female%
23.4
65.6
10.2
0.8
Male%
24.9
48.3
26.9
0.0
Mean Incurred $
$6,968
$5,278
$10,216
*$53474
Mean Lost days
25.7
16.1
48.5
*294 **
(*=1 case)
No sig diff between types on lost days
No sig diff between types on cost
Construction:$14,171 and 47.6 lost days on average
SHARP
STATE FUND CLAIMANTS
WITH NO OTHER COMPENSABLE CLAIMS
120
80
MO
60
CMP
40
20
+1
6
+1
4
+8
+1
0
+1
2
+6
+4
+2
0
-2
-4
-6
0
-8
Earnings as Pct
of Injury Qtr
100
Quarters before/after injury
SHARP
A better estimate of burden
1. Compare WA BLS estimate of rates and counts of assaults
resulting in at least one lost workday to WC
2. Case cost data from WA State Fund (excludes cost data for
400 largest employers)
3. Quarterly earnings profiles from Employment Security Dept
data linked to WC cases, excluding those with other injuries
1994-2001. N=2434 in study
SHARP
Advise/Require: Type 1
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Training workers (de-escalation techniques)
Post signs re minimal cash in register
Clear unobstructed view of cash register
5 or more admin controls
Drop safe, limited access
associated with significant
lower risk of fatal assaults,
Outside lighting
Loomis et al, 2002
Address employee isolation factors
Provide security personnel
Communication method to alert police/security
Increase police patrol
Post laws re assault, stalking or other violent acts
SHARP
Crime Prevention Through
Environmental Design (CPTED)a,
•
•
•
•
Crowe
Direct relationship between design, use &
management of environment to human behavior
Environment: people and their physical and social
surroundings
Design: of physical space for bona fide users of
space (physical, social, psych needs), expected
use and predicted behaviors of bona fide users &
offenders
Uses natural access controls (spatial definition),
natural surveillance, territorial reinforcement
SHARP
CPTED Strategy Examples b,
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Crowe
Clear border definition of controlled space
Clearly marked transition zones public-semi-private
Locate gathering areas to locations with natural
surveillance & access control
Place safe activities in unsafe locations to bring along
natural surveillance & increase perception of safety
Place unsafe activities in safe spots
Overcome distance & isolation via improved
communication & design efficiencies
Lighting & windows
Two-way vs. one-way streets
Fortress effects destroy surrounding land use->no
SHARP
man’s land”
What works?
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•
•
•
•
•
What do we actually know or need to know?
What role do companies have to play in and outside
the regulatory framework?
How effective are OSHA guidelines? How likely are
they to be followed?
What are the barriers to implementing violence
prevention programs?
What role does legislative action play in protecting
workers from workplace violence?
Why don’t other states follow Washington, California
and Florida?
SHARP
Washington State Assault Related Fatalities by
Type, 1998-2004
4
3
I
II
2
III
IV
unknown
1
0
1998
1999
Washington FACE
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
SHARP