Transcript Step Up To: Psychology

Step Up To:
Psychology
John J. Schulte, Psy.D.
&
Jason S. Spiegelman, M.A., ABD
From: Hockenbury &
Hockenbury
Discovering Psychology 5e
Worth Publishers (2010)
Chapter 8: Motivation and Emotion
Psychological Needs
as Motivators
Biological Motivation:
Hunger, Eating, and
Human Sexuality
Motivational
Concepts and
Theories
Emotion
Theories of
Emotion:
Explaining
Emotion
Motivational Concepts
and Theories
500
400
300
200
100
Biological Motivation: Hunger,
Eating, and Human Sexuality
500
400
300
200
100
Psychological
Needs as Motivators
500
400
300
200
100
Emotion
500
400
300
200
100
Theories of Emotion:
Explaining Emotion
500
400
300
200
100
1. According to _______, people are
motivated to engage in certain
behaviors because of evolutionary
programming.
•
•
•
•
A) innate theories
B) Darwinian theories
C) instinct theories
D) activation theories
2. People are often motivated to do
things in an effort to “seek out”
stimulation. This observation is
explained by the ________ theory.
•
•
•
•
A) incentive
B) drive
C) attention
D) arousal
3. Drive theories explain motivation
by stressing our biological need
to establish and maintain:
•
•
•
•
A) a state of biological need
B) incentives
C) fixed action patterns
D) homeostasis
4. Which of the major theory of motivation
draws most heavily from well-established
learning theories, primarily those of Pavlov,
Watson, Skinner, and Tolman?
•
•
•
•
A) Drive theory
B) Arousal theory
C) Incentive theory
D) Instinct theory
5. According to the humanistic theory
of motivation people are motivated
to behave in ways that will:
• A) first satisfy their basic
psychological needs
• B) allow them to obtain the realization
of their unconscious wishes
• C) allow them to realize their highest
personal potential
• D) maximize their homeostasis
6. For which of the following
species of animals is “sexual
behavior … indistinguishable
from social behavior?”
•
•
•
•
A) Bonobos
B) Human beings
C) Sheep
D) Rabbits
7. The rate at which a person’s body uses
energy to sustain vital functions when
that individual is at rest is called the:
•
•
•
•
A) set point rate (SPR)
B) basal metabolic rate (BMR)
C) body mass index (BMI)
D) critical survival index (CSI)
8. “Oh man” Lizette said. “I can’t wait to get to
the ice cream parlor. I’m going to eat 10
scoops tonight!” After the first two scoops,
however, the rest of her mammoth sundae
didn’t look so appetizing. This is because of:
•
•
•
•
A) positive incentive value
B) negative reinforcement
C) energy homeostasis
D) sensory-specific satiety
9. In the largest United States cities,
approximately one in every ______
people consider themselves gay,
lesbian, or bisexual.
•
•
•
•
A) four
B) eight
C) twelve
D) fifteen
10. Your appetite will be suppressed
by increased levels of all but
which of the following hormones?
•
•
•
•
A) Leptin
B) Cholecystokinin
C) Neuropeptide Y
D) Insulin
11. According to Deci and Ryan’s SelfDetermination theory, which of the
following is not an innate and
universal psychological need?
•
•
•
•
A) autonomy
B) achievement
C) competence
D) relatedness
12. In the 1930s, Christiana Morgan and
Henry Murray developed a test to
measure human motives. It is
called the:
•
•
•
•
A) Stanford-Binet Intelligence Test
B) Rorschach Test
C) Thematic Apperception Test
D) Minnesota Multiphasic
Personality Inventory
13. Mario is taking a class in American Sign
Language. He is not getting a degree, has been
out of school for 10 years, and is taking this
class purely out of interest and for enjoyment.
What type of motivation best describes Mario’s
reason for taking the ASL class?
•
•
•
•
A) intrinsic motivation
B) extrinsic motivation
C) competence motivation
D) achievement motivation
14. Which basic psychological
need did Abraham Maslow place
at the top of his “hierarchy?”
•
•
•
•
A) self-actualization
B) esteem
C) belongingness and love
D) safety
15. In many Asian countries, it is considered
unacceptable to express pride for personal
achievement. Instead, pride is experienced
when one’s achievements benefit others. Such
societies are referred to as __________
cultures.
•
•
•
•
A) individualistic
B) mutual
C) cooperative
D) collectivist
16. Which of the following is not generally
accepted by most theorists as being one of
the “basic” emotions that all humans
experience, regardless of culture?
•
•
•
•
A) fear
B) disgust
C) hunger
D) anger
17. Which psychologist has studied the facial
expression of emotions and has concluded
that the human face is capable of over 7,000
different expressions?
•
•
•
•
A) Charles Darwin
B) Richard Lazarus
C) Paul Ekman
D) Robert Levenson
18. Which of the following is not monitored
during a polygraph test?
•
•
•
•
A) respiration
B) heart rate
C) skin temperature
D) blood pressure
19. Research into the relationship between
emotions and the brain has found
widespread support for the conclusion that
different emotions:
• A) are all controlled by the amygdala
• B) are controlled by different parts of
the brain
• C) can be evoked by the same stimulus
• D) have the exact same neurochemical
roots
20. When you are faced with a
threatening stimulus there is a
“shortcut” neural pathway from the:
•
•
•
•
A) thalamus to the amygdala
B) medulla to the cerebral cortex
C) hypothalamus to the medulla
D) hypothalamus to the amygdala
21. “Turn that frown upside down!” Perhaps
you’ve heard that smiling can, in fact,
make you feel happy. Which theory of
emotions supports this claim?
•
•
•
•
A) The two-factory theory
B) The cognitive appraisal theory
C) The Cannon theory
D) The facial feedback hypothesis.
22. Emotion is a complex psychological
response that involves which of the
following three distinct components:
• A) subjective experience,
physiological response, and
behavioral response
• B) drive, instinct, and homeostasis
• C) internal feeling, facial display, and
interpretation
• D) arousal, action, and reflection
23. “I am very happy because I am
laughing.” This statement is most
consistent with which theory of
emotions?
•
•
•
•
A) The cognitive appraisal theory
B) The Two-factory theory
C) The James-Lange theory
D) The basic emotions theory
24. According to Schachter and Singer
emotions are the result of two factors - the
physiological arousal we experience and:
• A) the cognitive label we use to explain
our physiological arousal
• B) the particular part of the brain that is
activated by the stimulus
• C) the facial muscles that are stimulated
by the stimulus
• D) the level of disruption of our
homeostasis
25. According to the cognitive appraisal
theory of emotion:
• A) our emotional response is determined
by the stimulus’s personal meaning to us
• B) our emotional response is the
interaction of physiological arousal and our
cognitive label
• C) we experience emotion as the
result of physiological changes
• D) none of the above
Stop here, or continue as a review
1. According to _______, people are
motivated to engage in certain
behaviors because of evolutionary
programming.
•
•
•
•
A) innate theories
B) Darwinian theories
C) instinct theories
D) activation theories
2. People are often motivated to do
things in an effort to “seek out”
stimulation. This observation is
explained by the ________ theory.
•
•
•
•
A) incentive
B) drive
C) attention
D) arousal
3. Drive theories explain motivation
by stressing our biological need
to establish and maintain:
•
•
•
•
A) a state of biological need
B) incentives
C) fixed action patterns
D) homeostasis
4. Which of the major theory of motivation
draws most heavily from well-established
learning theories, primarily those of Pavlov,
Watson, Skinner, and Tolman?
•
•
•
•
A) Drive theory
B) Arousal theory
C) Incentive theory
D) Instinct theory
5. According to the humanistic theory
of motivation, people are motivated
to behave in ways that will:
• A) first satisfy their basic
psychological needs
• B) allow them to obtain the realization
of their unconscious wishes
• C) allow them to realize their highest
personal potential
• D) maximize their homeostasis
6. For which of the following
species of animals is “sexual
behavior … indistinguishable
from social behavior?”
•
•
•
•
A) Bonobos
B) Human beings
C) Sheep
D) Rabbits
7. The rate at which a person’s body uses
energy to sustain vital functions when
that individual is at rest is called the:
•
•
•
•
A) set point rate (SPR).
B) basal metabolic rate (BMR).
C) body mass index (BMI).
D) critical survival index (CSI).
8. “Oh man,” Lizette said. “I can’t wait to get to
the ice cream parlor. I’m going to eat 10
scoops tonight!” After the first two scoops,
however, the rest of her mammoth sundae
didn’t look so appetizing. This is because of:
•
•
•
•
A) positive incentive value.
B) negative reinforcement.
C) energy homeostasis.
D) sensory-specific satiety.
9. In the largest United States cities,
approximately one in every ______
people consider themselves gay,
lesbian, or bisexual.
•
•
•
•
A) four
B) eight
C) twelve
D) fifteen
10. Your appetite will be suppressed
by increased levels of all but
which of the following hormones?
•
•
•
•
A) Leptin
B) Cholecystokinin
C) Neuropeptide Y
D) Insulin
11. According to Deci and Ryan’s SelfDetermination theory, which of the
following is not an innate and
universal psychological need?
•
•
•
•
A) autonomy
B) achievement
C) competence
D) relatedness
12. In the 1930s, Christiana Morgan and
Henry Murray developed a test to
measure human motives. It is
called the :
•
•
•
•
A) Stanford-Binet Intelligence Test.
B) Rorschach Test.
C) Thematic Apperception Test.
D) Minnesota Multiphasic
Personality Inventory.
13. Mario is taking a class in American Sign
Language. He is not getting a degree, has been
out of school for 10 years, and is taking this
class purely out of interest and for enjoyment.
What type of motivation best describes Mario’s
reason for taking the ASL class?
•
•
•
•
A) intrinsic motivation
B) extrinsic motivation
C) competence motivation
D) achievement motivation
14. Which basic psychological
need did Abraham Maslow place
at the top of his “hierarchy?”
•
•
•
•
A) self-actualization
B) esteem
C) belongingness and love
D) safety
15. In many Asian countries, it is considered
unacceptable to express pride for personal
achievement. Instead, price is experienced
when ones achievements benefit others. Such
societies are referred to as __________
cultures.
•
•
•
•
A) individualistic
B) mutual
C) cooperative
D) collectivist
16. Which of the following is not generally
accepted by most theorists as being one of
the “basic” emotions that all humans
experience, regardless of culture?
•
•
•
•
A) fear
B) disgust
C) hunger
D) anger
17. Working for over four decades, which
psychologist has studied facial expression
of emotions and has concluded that the
human face is capable of over 7,000
different expressions?
•
•
•
•
A) Charles Darwin
B) Richard Lazarus
C) Paul Ekman
D) Robert Levenson
18. Which of the following is not monitored
during a polygraph test?
•
•
•
•
A) respiration
B) heart rate
C) skin temperature
D) blood pressure
19. Research into the relationship between
emotions and the brain has found
widespread support for the conclusion that
different emotions:
• A) are all controlled by the amygdala.
• B) are controlled by different parts of
the brain.
• C) can be evoked by the same
stimulus.
• D) have the exact same neurochemical
roots.
20. When you are faced with a
threatening stimulus, there is a
“shortcut” neural pathway from the:
•
•
•
•
A) thalamus to the amygdala.
B) medulla to the cerebral cortex.
C) hypothalamus to the medulla.
D) hypothalamus to the amygdala.
21. “Turn that frown upside down!” Perhaps
you’ve heard that smiling can, in fact,
make you feel happy. Which theory of
emotions supports this claim?
•
•
•
•
A) The two-factory theory
B) The cognitive appraisal theory
C) The Cannon theory
D) The facial feedback hypothesis
22. Emotion is a complex psychological
response that involves which of the
following three distinct components:
• A) subjective experience,
physiological response, and
behavioral response.
• B) drive, instinct, and homeostasis.
• C) internal feeling, facial display, and
interpretation.
• D) arousal, action, and reflection.
23. “I am very happy because I am
laughing.” This statement is most
consistent with which theory of
emotions?
•
•
•
•
A) The cognitive appraisal theory
B) The Two-factory theory
C) The James-Lange theory
D) The basic emotions theory
24. According to Schachter and Singer,
emotions are the result of two factors - the
physiological arousal we experience and:
• A) the cognitive label we use to explain
our physiological arousal.
• B) the particular part of the brain that is
activated by the stimulus.
• C) the facial muscles that are stimulated
by the stimulus.
• D) the level of disruption of our
homeostasis.
25. According to the cognitive appraisal
theory of emotion:
• A) our emotional response is determined
by the stimulus’s personal meaning to us.
• B) our emotional response is the
interaction of physiological arousal and our
cognitive label.
• C) we experience emotion as the
result of physiological changes.
• D) none of the above.
Acknowledgments
• Step Up Created by:
John J. Schulte, Psy.D.
• Questions written by:
Jason S. Spiegelman, M.A., ABD
• Based on Discovering
Psychology 5e by
Hockenbury & Hockenbury
• Published by Worth
Publishers, 2010
Answers—Chapter 8
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
C
D
D
C
C
A
B
D
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
B
C
B
C
A
A
D
C
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
C
C
B
A
D
A
C
A
25. A