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Understanding NVC
Mike Guttridge C.Psychol.
Business & Social
Psychologist
Warning!
We do not see things as they are,
We see them as we are.
The Talmud
Perception is projection
Huna belief
© M S Guttridge 2006
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Communicating without words
• We continually send out signals
• These can be interpreted by socially
skilled people
• This can enhance the interaction and
improve understanding by 10%
• It can also provide insights into other
person’s state of mind
© M S Guttridge 2006
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Communicating without words
• We use spoken language for
conveying data and giving instructions
• NVC can sustain it, replace it, or
regulate it to manage relationship
• We may deliberately restrict NVC eg
on the telephone
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Communicating without words
• We usually try to hide our feelings out of
politeness, respect, or expediency.
• We usually give away clues through nonverbal leakage
• If the NVC is congruent with the spoken
word, probably not noticed
• If there is a conflict you probably sense it
• This can be picked up by socially skilled, or
trained people or if you are alerted to it
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Universal to mammals
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Origins of body language
• Product of genetic and environmental factors
eg blind children will smile & laugh
• Some NVC universal across cultures
• Some gestures vary between cultures eg
“Yes” or “No” gestures
• Darwin’s research on mammalian emotional
expressions (1872)
• Paul Ekman’s research from 1970s
• Desmond Morris’s Bodywatching 1987
• Reality TV!
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Words…
Relative importance of NVC often quoted
as:
• Words 7%
• Voice/paralinguistics 38%
• Body gesture 55%
But only relevant in certain 1:1 interactions
– where there is inconsistent communication
– when feelings or attitudes not facts are communicated
Birdwhistle 1973
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Main NVC signals
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Appearance & Dress (object communication)
Facial expression & eye contact (oculesics)
Personal space (proxemics)
Body contact (haptics)
Expression, voice quality (para-linguistics)
Pitch, tone, accent (vocalics)
Gesture & body posture
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Appearance & dress
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Degree of choice
Reflects personality
Social group image
Uniforms, ties
Tattoos, body art
Symbols eg rings
Spectacles
Physical handicaps
Halo/horns effect & first
impressions
• Hair & hair colour
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Facial expression
• Area used by majority as a conscious
channel of NVC
• Socialised to control expressions eg stiff
upper lip
• Less control over eyes/eyebrows than
mouth – sunglasses, eyeshades?
• Pinocchio effect
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Ekman’s universals
• Ekman’s (1972) research – 10,000 expressions
using 42 facial muscles & 3 main nerves (probably
100 really recognisable ones)
• Six key emotions recognised across all cultures
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Happiness
Sadness
Anger
Fear
Disgust
Surprise
Contempt may be 7th (1986)
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Which emotion (1 & 2)
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Which emotion (3 & 4)
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Which emotion (5 & 6)
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Which emotions?
• Two young East
Germans in West
German embassy in
Prague learn they
are to be expelled
to the West
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Which emotions?
Fans at a David Cassidy concert in 1973
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NB Recognising emotions is key part
of emotional intelligence
SelfAwareness
awareness of others
Selfregulation
© M S Guttridge 2006
Managing
relationships
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Eye contact
• Rich source of info
• Controls flow of interaction
• Judge people who avoid it
negatively
• Fairly intimate attention
signal
• Binary therefore used with
other NVC eg nods
• Pupil dilation!!
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Smiles can be misleading
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Personal space
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Personal space
Cultural differences
Status re space
Seating
arrangements
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Territorial behaviour
• The urinal
experiment!
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Body contact
• Many cultural
differences
• Shaking hands
• Touching
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Voice & Paralingusitics
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Tone and pitch
Speed
Loudness
Accents
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Gesture & body posture
• Nodding appears
universal
• Stance & height
• Use of hands
• Positioning of feet
• Postural echo
• Mirroring &
matching
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Mehrabian’s coat-rack experiment
Can you tell by
observing the NVC
whether or not:
1. Pat is a man or a
woman?
2. Pat is liked or
disliked?
3. Pat is higher or
lowers status?
© M S Guttridge 2006
Hello Pat, you
wanted to see
me?
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Talking to plants!
Hello Pat, you
wanted to see
me?
Click on picture frame
at left to show video.
At end it will return to
this slide – then click
to continue as before
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Improve communication by
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S - smile
O – open posture
F – forward lean
T - touch
E – eye contact
N - nod
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Summary
• Most people aren’t good at reading NVC
• Only 0.2% are “natural wizards” at reading
micro-expressions
• Stereotypes often wrong
• Look for clusters of NVC not single gestures
eg nose scratching
• Video + computer analysis better at
detecting micro-movements
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Good liars are ..
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Well-prepared
Original
Think quickly
Are eloquent
Have a good memory
Do not experience feelings of guilt, fear or
other emotions when lying
• Are good at acting
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Good liars are ..
• Hard to detect by lay people and many professionals
• Better detected through speech patterns than NVC because of
restricted NVC
• Trained & experienced police officers can detect lies 70% of the
time
• If they pay attention to stereotypical clues such as averted gaze,
blinking, or fidgeting, they get worse
• Specialists such as secret service agents, FBI officers & clinical
psychologists do better than lay people
• However criminals are comparable to secret service agents in
detecting lies but find it harder to detect truths (deception
default)
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Eye movement patterns
• Based on NLP
• Reportedly used by FBI profilers, CSI,
and intelligence agents
• Ekman has trained CIA, FBI and MI6 in
“face reading” techniques (2004)
• But not much hard evidence
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Eye positions from NLP
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Language accessing clues
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Gender differences?
• Are women better than men at this?
• Some research to suggest this
• Is it socialisation/expectations – stereotype
of female caring v male stoicism?
• Woman smile more than men but people
discount it more
• Women may smile to hide anxiety
• Men only smile to be sociable
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Gender differences? (D Tannen)
Questions
Men
Women
Answers
Separateness
Continuing
conversation
Bridges
Attack
Aggressiveness Form of
conversation
Problems
Need solutions
© M S Guttridge 2006
Share for reassurance
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Applications
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Interviews
Meetings
Presentations
Selling
Medical consultations
Insurance claims inspection
Negotiations (Botox)
Interrogations
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Some of my books (in date order)
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The definitive book of Body language, Alan & Barbara Pease (2004)
Orion Books
The Essential Difference, Simon Baron-Cohen (2003) Penguin
The Book of Tells, Peter Collett (2003) Bantam Books
Emotions Revealed, Paul Ekman (2003) Times Books
Detecting Lies & Deceit, Aldert Vrij (2000) Wiley
Talking from 9 to 5, Women & Men at work, language sex & power,
Deborah Tannen, (1995) Virago
He says, She says, Lillian Glass (1995) Piatkus
You just don’t understand, women & men in conversation, Deborah
Tannen (1992) Virago
Bodywatching, Desmond Morris (1987) Grafton Books
Interpersonal Behaviour, AG Athos & JJ Gabarro (1978) Prentice Hall
Bodily Communication, Michael Argyle(1975) UP/Methuen
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What sex is your brain?
http://www.bbc.co.uk/science/humanbody/sex/add_user.shtml
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Spot the fake smile?
See how good you are at detecting real an false smiles
A series of video clips to test your face-reading ability
http://www.bbc.co.uk/science/humanbody/
mind/surveys/smiles/index.shtml
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This PowerPoint show
Is downloadable from:
http://www.metamorph.co.uk/latestnews.htm
at the end of next week
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[email protected]
0161 764 7742