Before You Begin: Assign Information Classification
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Transcript Before You Begin: Assign Information Classification
CCNA Configuration
Lab Hands on
Natthapong Wannurat
CCNA, CCDA, CSE, SMBAM, SMBSE
Channel Account Manager
South Region
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1
Introduction to CCNA Exam
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2
Cisco Icons and Symbols
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3
Defining Components of the Network
Home
Office
Mobile
Users
Internet
Branch Office
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Main Office
4
Defining the Components of a Network
(cont.)
Branch
Office
Floor 2
Server Farm
ISDN
Floor 1
Telecommuter
Remote
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Campus
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5
Network Structure Defined by Hierarchy
Core Layer
Distribution
Layer
Access
Layer
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OSI Model Overview
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OSI Model Overview
Application
Application
(Upper)
Layers
Presentation
Session
Transport Layer
Network Layer
Data Link
Data Flow
Layers
Physical
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Role of Application Layers
EXAMPLES
Application
Presentation
Session
User Interface
Telnet
FTP
• How data is presented
• Special processing
such as encryption
ASCII
EBCDIC
JPEG
Keeping different
applications’
data separate
Operating System/
Application Access
Scheduling
Transport Layer
Network Layer
Data Link
Physical
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Role of Data Flow Layers
Application
Presentation
EXAMPLES
Session
• Reliable or unreliable delivery
• Error correction before retransmit
TCP
UDP
SPX
Network
Provide logical addressing which
routers use for path determination
IP
IPX
Data Link
• Combines bits into bytes and
bytes into frames
• Access to media using MAC address
• Error detection not correction
802.3 / 802.2
HDLC
Physical
• Move bits between devices
• Specifies voltage, wire speed and
pin-out cables
Transport
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EIA/TIA-232
V.35
10
Encapsulating Data
Application
Presentation
Session
Upper Layer Data
TCP Header
Upper Layer Data
IP Header
Data
LLC Header
Data
FCS
MAC Header
Data
FCS
0101110101001000010
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Transport
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(Protocol Data Unit)
PDU
Segment
Network
Packet
Data Link
Frame
Physical
Bits
11
Introduction to TCP/IP
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Introduction to TCP/IP
TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) is a set of rules (protocol) used along with
the Internet Protocol (IP) to send data in the form of message units between
computers over the Internet. While IP takes care of handling the actual delivery of
the data, TCP takes care of keeping track of the individual units of data (called
packets) that a message is divided into for efficient routing through the Internet.
User Datagram Protocol (UDP) is one of the core protocols of the Internet
protocol suite. Using UDP, programs on networked computers can send short
messages sometimes known as datagrams (using Datagram Sockets) to one
another. UDP is sometimes called the Universal Datagram Protocol or Unreliable
Datagram Protocol.
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Introduction to TCP/IP
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Introduction to TCP/IP
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IP Addressing, Subnetting and Variable-Length
Subnet Masks (VLSM)
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1.Agenda
Explain basic IP Addressing
Review Subnetting concepts
How to Calculate Subnets, host Addresses and
broadcast id's
Explain VLSM concepts and Route Summarization
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Why IP Addresses?
Uniquely identifies each
device on an IP network so
that data can be sent
correctly to those locations.
Real life analogies:
Address on a letter
Telephone number
Every host (computer,
networking device,
peripheral) must have a
unique address.
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Parts of the IP Address
Each IP address consists of:
Network ID
Identifies the network to which the host belongs
Assigned by registry authority and cannot be changed
Host ID
Identifies the individual host
Assigned by organizations to individual devices
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IP Address Format: Dotted Decimal
Notation
Remember binary-to-decimal
and decimal-to-binary
conversion.
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IP Address Classes: The First Octet
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IP Address Ranges
*127 (011111111) is a Class A address reserved for loopback testing and cannot
be assigned to a network.
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Example Class B Network Address
(Reserved)
Total number of host addresses available = 2h – 2
where h is the number of bits in the host field
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Example Class B Broadcast Address
(Reserved)
Total number of host addresses available = 2h – 2
where h is the number of bits in the host field
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Public IP Addresses
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Private IP Addresses
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Subnetworks
• Smaller networks are
easier to manage.
• Overall traffic is
reduced.
• You can more easily
apply network
security policies.
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Number of Subnets Available
To identify subnets, you will “borrow” bits from the host ID
portion of the IP address
Number of subnets available depends on the number of bits borrowed.
One address is still reserved as the network address.
One address is still reserved as broadcast address.
Available number of subnets = 2s where s is the number of bits
borrowed.
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Possible Subnets and Hosts for a Class
A Network
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What a Subnet Mask Does
Tells the router the number of bits to look at when routing
Defines the number of bits that are significant
Used as a measuring tool, not to hide anything
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8 Easy Steps for Determining Subnet
Addresses
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8 Easy Steps for Determining Subnet
Addresses (Cont.)
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Example: Applying a Subnet Mask for a
Class B Address
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What Is a Variable-Length
Subnet Mask?
Subnet 172.16.14.0/24 is divided into smaller subnets
Subnet with one mask (/27)
Then further subnet one of the unused /27 subnets into multiple /30 subnets
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Calculating VLSMs
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What Is Route Summarization?
Routing protocols can summarize addresses of several networks into one
address.
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Summarizing Within an Octet
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Summarizing Addresses in a
VLSM-Designed Network
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Example
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Summary
Basic IP Addressing
Subnetting concepts
Calculate Subnets, host Addresses and broadcast id's
VLSM concepts and Route Summarization
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Using Cisco IOS Command Line Interface (CLI)
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Agenda
• Overview
• Cisco IOS Software Features and Functions
• Starting up Cisco Network Routers and Switches
• Cisco IOS Command-Line Interface Functions
• Entering the EXEC Modes
• Entering Configuration Mode
• Using the CLI to configure and test Routers and
Switches
• Summary
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Cisco IOS Software CLI
A common interface for managing Cisco devices.
• Features to carry the chosen network protocols and functions
• Connectivity for high-speed traffic between devices
• Security to control access and prohibit unauthorized network use
• Scalability to add interfaces and capability as needed for network
growth
• Reliability to ensure dependable access to networked resources
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Initial Startup of Routers and Switches
• System startup routines initiate device software.
• Switch: Initial startup uses default configuration parameters.
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Example: Initial Bootup Output from the
Catalyst 2950 Switch
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Example: Initial Bootup Output from the
Router
• Unconfigured vs. Configured Router
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Example: Initial Bootup of a Cisco Router
- The Setup facility -
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Configuring Network Devices
• Configuration sets up the device with the
following:
• Network policy of the functions required
• Protocol addressing and parameter settings
• Options for administration and management
• A Catalyst switch memory has initial
configuration with default settings.
• A Cisco router will prompt for initial
configuration if there is no configuration
previously saved in memory.
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Cisco IOS User Interface Functions
• A CLI is used to enter commands.
• Specific Operations vary on
different internetworking devices.
• Users type or paste entries in the
console command modes.
• Command modes have distinctive
prompts.
• <Enter> key instructs device to
parse and execute the command.
• Two primary EXEC modes are
User Mode and Privileged Mode.
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Cisco IOS Software EXEC Mode (User)
• There are two main EXEC modes for
entering commands.
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User-Mode
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User-Mode Command List
You can abbreviate a command to the fewest characters that make a unique
character string.
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Cisco IOS Software EXEC Mode (Privileged)
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Privileged-Mode
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Privileged-Mode Command List
You can complete a command string by entering the unique
character string, then pressing the Tab key.
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Configuration Mode
Third Mode - Configuration mode:
• Global configuration mode
• wg_sw_a#configure terminal
• wg_sw_a(config)#
• Interface configuration mode
• wg_sw_a(config)#interface
e0/1
• wg_sw_a(config-if)#
• Other configuration modes also exist.
(line configuration, routing configuration, etc…)
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Overview of Router & Switch Modes
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Router Context-Sensitive Help
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Router Context-Sensitive Help (Cont.)
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Enhanced Editing Commands
Router>Shape the future of internetworking by creating unpreced
• Shape the future of internetworking by creating
unprecedented value for customers, employees, and
partners.
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Enhanced Editing Commands (Cont.)
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Router Command History
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show version Command
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Viewing the Configuration
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show running-config and show startupconfig Commands
• Displays the current and saved configuration
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Summary
• The Cisco switch or router has considerable
configuration and testing capabilities and can be
configured using the Command Line Interface (CLI).
• A switch or router can be configured from a local terminal
connected to the console port or from a remote terminal
connected via a modem connection to the auxiliary port.
• The CLI is used by network administrators to monitor and
to configure various Cisco IOS devices. CLI also offers a
help facility to aid network administrators with the
verification and configuration commands.
• The CLI supports two EXEC modes: user and privileged.
The privileged EXEC mode provides more functionality
than the user EXEC mode.
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Summary (Cont.)
• From the privileged EXEC mode, the global
configuration mode can be entered, providing
access to other configuration modes such as the
interface configuration mode or line configuration
mode.
• The CLI will be used to configure the router name,
password, and other console commands.
• Interface characteristics such as the IP address
and bandwidth are configured using the interface
configuration mode.
• When the router configuration has been completed,
it can be verified by using show commands.
• Always remember to save your configuration!
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Part 1 – Routing
Protocols
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Router Operations
To route packets, a router needs to do the following:
Know the destination address
Identify the sources from which the router can learn
Discover possible routes to the intended destination
Select the best route
Maintain and verify routing information
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Router Operations (Cont.)
The Router knows only the networks it is directly
connected to. It must learn all other destinations.
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Static Routes vs. Dynamic Routes
Two different ways of learning routes to
remote networks:
Static Routes
Dynamic Routes
• A network administrator
enters them into the router
manually.
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• Learned by Routing protocols
and added to the routing
table. Dynamic routes are
adjusted automatically for
topology or traffic changes.
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Static Route Configuration
Router(config)#ip route network [mask]
{address | interface}[distance] [permanent]
Defines a path to an IP destination network or subnet or host by
specifying the next hop router interface IP address.
Address = IP address of the next hop router
Interface = outbound interface of the local router
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Static Route Example
RouterX(config)# ip route 172.16.1.0 255.255.255.0 172.16.2.1
or
Router(config)#ip route 172.16.1.0 255.255.255.0 s0/0/0
This is a unidirectional route. You must have a route configured in the
opposite direction.
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Verifying the Static route Configuration
RouterA(config)#ip route 172.16.1.0 255.255.255.0 Serial0/0 172.16.2.1
RouterA#show ip route
Codes: C - connected, S - static, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2
i - IS-IS, su - IS-IS summary, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2
ia - IS-IS inter area, * - candidate default, U - per-user static route
o - ODR, P - periodic downloaded static route
Gateway of last resort is not set
S
C
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172.16.0.0/24 is subnetted, 2 subnets
172.16.1.0 [1/0] via 172.16.2.1, Serial0/0
172.16.2.0 is directly connected, Serial0/0
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A special case: Default Routes
This route allows the stub network to reach all known
networks beyond router A.
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Static Routes: Benefits and Disadvantages
Benefits:
- No overhead on the router CPU
- No bandwidth usage between routers
- Security and control
Disadvantages:
- Administrative burden.
- Not practical in large networks.
- By default it is not conveyed to other
routers as part of an update process.
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Dynamic Routing Configuration
Router(config)#router protocol [keyword]
Defines an IP routing protocol
Router(config-router)#network network-number
• Mandatory configuration command for each IP routing
process
• Identifies the physically connected network to which routing
updates are forwarded
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RIP Overview
19.2 kbps
T1
T1
T1
Hop-count metric selects the path.
Routes update every 30 seconds.
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RIP Configuration
Router(config)#router rip
• Starts the RIP routing process.
Router(config-router)#network network-number
• Selects participating attached networks.
• Requires a major classful network number.
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RIP Configuration Example
e0
172.16.1.0
s2
s2
A
172.16.1.1 10.1.1.1
10.1.1.2
2.3.0.0
router rip
network 172.16.0.0
network 10.0.0.0
s3
B
s3
e1
C
10.2.2.2 10.2.2.3 192.168.1.1
192.168.1.0
2.3.0.0
router rip
network 192.168.1.0
network 10.0.0.0
router rip
network 10.0.0.0
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Configuring EIGRP
Router(config)#router eigrp autonomous-system
• Defines EIGRP as the IP routing protocol
Router(config-router)#network network-number
• Selects participating attached networks
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EIGRP Configuration Example
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Configuring Single-Area OSPF
RouterX(config)#
router ospf process-id
Defines OSPF as the IP routing protocol
RouterX(config-router)#
network address wildcard-mask area area-id
Assigns networks to a specific OSPF area
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Verifying the OSPF Configuration
RouterX# show ip protocols
Verifies that OSPF is configured
RouterX# show ip route
Displays all the routes learned by the router
RouterX# show ip route
Codes: I - IGRP derived, R - RIP derived, O - OSPF derived,
C - connected, S - static, E - EGP derived, B - BGP derived,
E2 - OSPF external type 2 route, N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1 route,
N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2 route
Gateway of last resort is 10.119.254.240 to network 10.140.0.0
O
O
O
O
O
.
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10.110.0.0 [110/5] via 10.119.254.6, 0:01:00, Ethernet2
IA 10.67.10.0 [110/10] via 10.119.254.244, 0:02:22, Ethernet2
10.68.132.0 [110/5] via 10.119.254.6, 0:00:59, Ethernet2
10.130.0.0 [110/5] via 10.119.254.6, 0:00:59, Ethernet2
E2 10.128.0.0 [170/10] via 10.119.254.244, 0:02:22, Ethernet2
. .
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Verifying the OSPF Configuration (Cont.)
RouterX# show ip ospf
Displays the OSPF router ID, timers, and statistics
RouterX# show ip ospf
Routing Process "ospf 50" with ID 10.64.0.2
<output omitted>
Number of areas in this router is 1. 1 normal 0 stub 0 nssa
Number of areas transit capable is 0
External flood list length 0
Area BACKBONE(0)
Area BACKBONE(0)
Area has no authentication
SPF algorithm last executed 00:01:25.028 ago
SPF algorithm executed 7 times
<output omitted>
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Verifying the OSPF Configuration (Cont.)
RouterX# show ip ospf interface
Displays the area ID and adjacency information
RouterX# show ip ospf interface ethernet 0
Ethernet 0 is up, line protocol is up
Internet Address 192.168.254.202, Mask 255.255.255.0, Area 0.0.0.0
AS 201, Router ID 192.168.99.1, Network Type BROADCAST, Cost: 10
Transmit Delay is 1 sec, State OTHER, Priority 1
Designated Router id 192.168.254.10, Interface address 192.168.254.10
Backup Designated router id 192.168.254.28, Interface addr 192.168.254.28
Timer intervals configured, Hello 10, Dead 60, Wait 40, Retransmit 5
Hello due in 0:00:05
Neighbor Count is 8, Adjacent neighbor count is 2
Adjacent with neighbor 192.168.254.28 (Backup Designated Router)
Adjacent with neighbor 192.168.254.10 (Designated Router)
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Verifying the OSPF Configuration (Cont.)
RouterX# show ip ospf neighbor
Displays the OSPF neighbor information on a per-interface basis
RouterX# show ip ospf neighbor
ID
10.199.199.137
172.16.48.1
172.16.48.200
10.199.199.137
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Pri
1
1
1
5
State
Dead Time
FULL/DR
0:00:31
FULL/DROTHER 0:00:33
FULL/DROTHER 0:00:33
FULL/DR
0:00:33
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Address
192.168.80.37
172.16.48.1
172.16.48.200
172.16.48.189
Interface
FastEthernet0/0
FastEthernet0/1
FastEthernet0/1
FastEthernet0/1
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Verifying the OSPF Configuration (Cont.)
RouterX# show ip ospf neighbor 10.199.199.137
Neighbor 10.199.199.137, interface address 192.168.80.37
In the area 0.0.0.0 via interface Ethernet0
Neighbor priority is 1, State is FULL
Options 2
Dead timer due in 0:00:32
Link State retransmission due in 0:00:04
Neighbor 10.199.199.137, interface address 172.16.48.189
In the area 0.0.0.0 via interface Fddi0
Neighbor priority is 5, State is FULL
Options 2
Dead timer due in 0:00:32
Link State retransmission due in 0:00:03
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OSPF debug Commands
RouterX# debug ip ospf events
OSPF:hello with invalid timers on interface Ethernet0
hello interval received 10 configured 10
net mask received 255.255.255.0 configured 255.255.255.0
dead interval received 40 configured 30
OSPF: rcv. v:2 t:1 l:48 rid:200.0.0.117
aid:0.0.0.0 chk:6AB2 aut:0 auk:
RouterX# debug ip ospf packet
OSPF: rcv. v:2 t:1 l:48 rid:200.0.0.116
aid:0.0.0.0 chk:0 aut:2 keyid:1 seq:0x0
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Routing Protocols vs. Routed Protocols
• Routing protocols exchange
messages between routers to
determine paths, build and
maintain routing tables.
• Examples: RIP, IGRP, OSPF
• After the path is determined, a
router can route or forward packets
defined by a routed protocol.
• Examples: IP, IPX
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Selecting the most “trustworthy” routing protocol
using Administrative Distance:
Routing
Protocol
Admin
Distance
Static
1
EIGRP
90
IGRP
100
OSPF
110
RIP
120
The lowest Administrative Distance is preferred
The Administrative distance is locally configured and are not
exchanged between routers
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Selecting the Best Route using Metrics
The route with the lowest metric is selected and added to the routing table.
If the best route becomes unavailable, the next lowest metric route is selected to replace it.
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92
Examination of the IP Routing Table
RouterA#show ip route
Codes: C - connected, S - static, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2
i - IS-IS, su - IS-IS summary, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2
ia - IS-IS inter area, * - candidate default, U - per-user static route
o - ODR, P - periodic downloaded static route
Gateway of last resort is not set
R
C
C
C
S
O
O
C
O
172.16.0.0/24 is subnetted, 2 subnets
172.16.1.0 [120/1] via 172.16.2.1, 00:00:09, Serial0/0
172.16.2.0 is directly connected, Serial0/0
10.0.0.0/8 is variably subnetted, 7 subnets, 4 masks
10.1.14.0/24 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/0
10.1.13.0/29 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/1
10.1.2.0/24 [1/0] via 172.16.2.1, Serial0/0
10.1.4.4/32 [110/2] via 10.1.14.4, 15:02:19, FastEthernet0/0
10.1.3.3/32 [110/2] via 10.1.13.3, 15:02:20, FastEthernet0/1
10.1.1.1/32 is directly connected, Loopback0
10.1.34.0/28 [110/2] via 10.1.13.3, 15:02:20, FastEthernet0/1
[110/2] via 10.1.14.4, 15:02:20, FastEthernet0/0
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Classful Routing Overview
Classful routing protocols do not include the subnet mask with the
route advertisement.
Within the same network, consistency of the subnet masks is
assumed (all subnet masks must be off the same length).
Summary routes are exchanged between foreign networks.
Examples of classful routing protocols:
RIP version 1 (RIPv1)
IGRP
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Classless Routing Overview
Classless routing protocols include the subnet mask with the
route advertisement.
Classless routing protocols support variable-length subnet
mask (VLSM).
Summary routes can be manually controlled within the network.
These are examples of classless routing protocols:
RIP version 2 (RIPv2)
EIGRP
OSPF
IS-IS
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Routing Protocol Comparison Chart
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Cisco LAN Switching
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L2 Devices
Bridge
Switch
Software-based L2 Device
Hardware-based L2 device
Learn MAC addresses
Learns MAC addresses
Segment LANs
Builds a CAM Table
Floods broadcasts
Single station or LAN segment on
Filters Frames
Usually less than 16 ports
Floods broadcasts
Can have 100 or more ports
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each port
98
Layer 2 Switching Logic
A frame is received:
Destination – Multicast or Broadcast
Frame
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Flood
Frame
99
Layer 2 Switching Logic
A frame is received:
Destination – Unknown Unicast
Frame
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Frame
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100
Layer 2 Switching Logic
A frame is received:
Destination – Unicast in MAC Table
Forward
Different Port
Frame
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101
Layer 2 Switching Logic
A frame is received:
Destination – Unicast – Same Port
Frame
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X
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102
Layer 2 Switching Logic
A frame is received:
Destination – Multicast or Broadcast
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Flood
Destination – Unknown Unicast
Flood
Destination – Unicast in MAC Table
Forward
Destination – Unicast – Same Port
Filter
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103
Ethernet Switches and Bridges
Address learning
Forward/filter decision
Loop avoidance
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Transmitting Frames
Cut-Through
• Switch checks destination
address and immediately
begins forwarding frame.
Store and Forward
Complete frame is received
and checked before
forwarding.
Fragment-Free
• Switch checks the first 64 bytes,
then immediately
begins forwarding frame.
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MAC Address Table
• Initial MAC address table is empty.
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Learning Addresses
• Station A sends a frame to station C.
• Switch caches the MAC address of station A to port E0 by
learning the source address of data frames.
• The frame from station A to station C is flooded out to all
ports except port E0 (unknown unicasts are flooded).
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Learning Addresses (Cont.)
• Station D sends a frame to station C.
• Switch caches the MAC address of station D to port E3 by
learning the source address of data frames.
• The frame from station D to station C is flooded out to all ports
except port E3 (unknown unicasts are flooded).
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Filtering Frames
• Station A sends a frame to station C.
• Destination is known; frame is not flooded.
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Broadcast and Multicast Frames
• Station D sends a broadcast or multicast frame.
• Broadcast and multicast frames are flooded to all ports
other than the originating port.
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Forward/Filter Decisions
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111
Port Security
Switch(config)#interface fastEthernet 0/1
Switch(config-if)#switchport port-security ?
mac-address Secure mac address
maximum
violation
Max secure addresses
Security violation mode
<cr>
Switch(config-if)#switchport port-security maximum 1
Switch(config-if)#switchport port-security violation shutdown
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Spanning-Tree Protocol
• Provides a loop-free redundant network topology by
placing certain ports in the blocking state.
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Spanning-Tree Operation
•
•
•
•
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One root bridge per network
One root port per nonroot bridge
One designated port per segment
Nondesignated ports are unused
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Spanning-Tree Protocol
Root Bridge Selection
• Bpdu = Bridge Protocol Data Unit
(default = sent every two seconds)
• Root bridge = Bridge with the lowest bridge ID
• Bridge ID =
• In the example, which switch has the lowest bridge ID?
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Spanning-Tree Path Cost
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Spanning-Tree
Switch#show spanning-tree vlan 1
VLAN0001
Spanning tree enabled protocol ieee
Root ID
Priority
Address
32769
0001.96DC.1A62
Hello Time 2 sec Max Age 20 sec Forward Delay 15 sec
Bridge ID Priority
Address
32769 (priority 32770 sys-id-ext 1)
0010.1116.A3A4
Aging Time 300
Interface
Role Sts Cost
Prio.Nbr Type
---------------- ---- --- --------- -------- -------------------------------Fa0/1
Desg FWD 19
128.3
Shr
Fa0/2
Root FWD 19
128.3
Shr
Switch(config)#spanning-tree vlan 1 priority 4096
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VTP Modes
• Creates VLANs
• Modifies VLANs
• Deletes VLANs
• Sends/forwards
advertisements
• Synchronizes
• Saved in NVRAM
• Creates VLANs
• Forwards
advertisements
• Modifies VLANs
• Synchronizes
• Forwards
advertisements
• Deletes VLANs
• Not saved in
NVRAM
• Does not
synchronize
• Saved in NVRAM
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VTP Operation
• VTP advertisements are sent as multicast frames.
• VTP servers and clients are synchronized to the latest revision number.
• VTP advertisements are sent every 5 minutes or when there is a change.
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Scaling the Network with NAT and PAT
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Objectives
Explain the difference between public and private IP
addresses
Summarize three problems with IP addressing that NAT
and PAT solve
Describe the basic functionality of NAT and NAT
Overloading (PAT)
Identify the differences between Static and Dynamic
Translations
Configure Static and Dynamic NAT
Configure NAT Overloading (PAT)
Verify NAT and PAT Operation
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IP Addressing Review
Network ID
Class A
0
7 bits
Node ID (24 bits)
1.0.0.0 - 127.255.255.255
Network ID
Class B
10
14 bits
Node ID (16 bits)
128.0.0.0 - 191.255.255.255
Network ID
Class C
Class D
Class E
Presentation_ID
110
1110
11110
21 bits
Node ID (8 bits)
Multicasts
Multicast Group ID (28 bits)
Experimental Use
Reserved for Future Use (27 bits)
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192.0.0.0 - 223.255.255.255
224.0.0.0 - 239.255.255.255
240.0.0.0 - 254.255.255.255
122
IP Addressing – Private Addresses
“Reserved/Private” Addresses exist in the first three classes of IP Addresses.
Network ID
Class A
0
7 bits
Node ID (24 bits)
10.0.0.0 – 10.255.255.255
Network ID
Class B
10
14 bits
Node ID (16 bits)
172.16.0.0 – 172.31.255.255
Network ID
Class C
110
21 bits
Node ID (8 bits)
192.168.0.0 – 192.168.255.255
These addresses are not globally routable through the public Internet.
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Not Enough IP Addresses
Public IP address space (non-reserved/private) is
limited and obtaining a large block of registered
addresses is difficult and expensive.
Your Home Network
ISP Rtr
Hey, I need some IP Addresses
for my network. How about
something in the Class-B range
so I can grow in the future?
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Internet
Are you crazy?? All I can
give you is a little subnet
of a Class-C network. Be
happy with that!
124
I Can See You!!
Internal network (layout/addressing/design) shouldn’t
be visible to external (ex. Internet) users.
I can see your IP Address!
I’ve got you now! Time to
attack!!
Your Home Network
ISP Rtr
160.1.1.1
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125
NAT Networks – Inside / Outside
NAT translates the source and/or destination IP
addresses from packets on the inside network to
different IP addresses on the outside network.
NAT Rtr
Inside network
Outside network
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Configuring Static Translations
Router(config)# ip nat inside source static local-ip global-ip
Establishes static translation between an inside local address
and an inside global address
Router(config-if)# ip nat inside
Marks the interface as connected to the inside
Router(config-if)# ip nat outside
Marks the interface as connected to the outside
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Enabling Static NAT
Address Mapping Example
193.50.1.1
SA
193.50.1.2
interface serial0
ip address 193.50.1.1 255.255.255.0
ip address
193.50.1.1 255.255.255.0
ip
nat outside
!
interface ethernet 0
ip address 10.1.1.1 255.255.255.0
ip nat inside
!
193.50.1.2
ip nat inside source static 10.1.1.2 193.50.1.2
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Dynamic Translations – Pros and Cons
Dynamic Translations – Pros and Cons
Pros – Conserves addresses. Outside Local addresses get aged out and
can be reused after inactivity timer expires.
Cons – No ability for outside hosts to initiate conversations.
Dynamic Translation Table
Pool of addresses for NAT
80.0.0.3 – 80.0.0.6
IL
IG
10.0.0.1 = 80.0.0.3
10.0.0.2 = 80.0.0.4
Inside network
10.0.0.1
10.0.0.2
10.0.0.3
10.0.0.4
10.0.0.5
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Switch
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10.0.0.6
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80.0.0.2
Outside network
129
Configuring Dynamic Translations
Router(config)# ip nat pool name start-ip end-ip
{netmask netmask | prefix-length prefix-length}
Defines a pool of global addresses to be allocated as needed.
Router(config)# access-list access-list-number permit
source [source-wildcard]
Defines a standard IP ACL permitting those inside local
addresses that are to be translated.
Router(config)# ip nat inside source list
access-list-number pool name
Establishes dynamic source translation, specifying the ACL
that was defined in the prior step.
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Dynamic Address Translation Example
ip nat pool net-208 171.69.233.209 171.69.233.222 netmask
255.255.255.240
ip nat inside source list 1 pool net-208
!
interface serial0
ip address 172.69.232.182 255.255.255.240
ip nat outside
!
interface ethernet 0
ip address 192.168.1.94 255.255.255.0
ip nat inside
!
access-list 1 permit 192.168.1.0 0.0.0.255
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How Does PAT (NAT Overloading)
Change All This?
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NAT Overloading - PAT
NAT Overloading (PAT):
All inside devices get translated to the SAME Inside Global
address on NAT Router.
Source Port number differentiates traffic.
How NAT Router chooses the source port number:
NAT Router will attempt to preserve original source port number if
not already in use.
If Source Port number is already in use, another, unused source
port number will be selected from the following ranges:
0-511 , 512-1023, 1024-65535
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Configuring Overloading
Router(config)# access-list access-list-number permit
source source-wildcard
Defines a standard IP ACL that will permit the inside local
addresses that are to be translated
Router(config)# ip nat inside source list
access-list-number interface interface overload
IP address configured on interface (in command above) will
be used as the Overloaded address.
Establishes dynamic source translation, specifying the ACL
that was defined in the prior step
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PAT / NAT Overload Config Example
192.168.3.7
Switch
192.168.4.12
Presentation_ID
Interface Ethernet 0
ip address 192.168.3.1 255.255.255.0
ip nat inside
Switch
!
192.168.3.1
E0
Interface Ethernet1
ip address 192.168.4.1 255.255.255.0
E1
ip nat inside
192.168.4.1
S0
172.17.38.1 !
Interface Serial0
ip address 172.17.38.1 255.255.255.0
ip nat outside
Internet
!
Ip nat inside source list 1 interface Serial0
overload
!
Access-list 1 permit 192.168.3.0 0.0.0.255
Access-list 1 permit 192.168.4.0 0.0.0.255
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Clearing the NAT Translation Table
Router# clear ip nat translation *
Clears all dynamic address translation entries
Router# clear ip nat translation inside global-ip
local-ip [outside local-ip global-ip]
Clears a simple dynamic translation entry that contains an
inside translation or both an inside and outside translation
Router# clear ip nat translation outside
local-ip global-ip
Clears a simple dynamic translation entry that contains an
outside translation
Router# clear ip nat translation protocol inside global-ip
global-port local-ip local-port [outside local-ip
local-port global-ip global-port]
Clears an extended dynamic translation entry
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Displaying Information with ‘show’ Commands
Router# show ip nat translations
Displays active translations
Router# show ip nat translation
Pro Inside global
Inside local
--- 172.16.131.1
10.10.10.1
Outside local
---
Outside global
---
Router# show ip nat statistics
Displays translation statistics
Router# show ip nat statistics
Total active translations: 1 (1 static, 0 dynamic; 0 extended)
Outside interfaces:
Ethernet0, Serial2.7
Inside interfaces:
Ethernet1
Hits: 5 Misses: 0
…
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Access Control Lists
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Objectives
Upon completion, you will be able to:
Identify the Two Types of IP Access Control Lists.
Describe typical Uses for IP Access Lists.
Understand Access List related Terms and Concepts.
Configure a Standard IP ACL
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What Are IP Access Control Lists?
A Cisco IOS feature
Sequential list of “permit” or “deny” statements, which block or allow
routed traffic.
Block Unwanted Traffic – inbound or outbound
Basic network security
Bandwidth control
Enforce network policy
Permit the Good Stuff
• The good side of the list shown above
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Types of IP ACLs
Less Common:
• Lock and Key (dynamic ACLs)
Most Common (90%): • Reflexive ACLs
• Time-based ACLs using time ranges
• Standard ACLs
• Commented IP ACL entries
• Extended ACLs
• Context-based ACL
• Authentication proxy
• Named ACLs
• Turbo ACLs
• Distributed time-based ACLs
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Standard IP ACL Syntax
access-list access-list-number {permit|deny} {host | source source-wildcard
| any}
Numbered 1 – 99
Only look at the IP Source Address
Easiest to configure
Good for blocking traffic close to the destination device
Two Notes:
• One cannot delete lines of a numbered access list. You must first
remove the entire access list.
• Every ACL has an implicit ‘Deny All’ statement as the last line of the
ACL
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The ‘Infamous’ Wildcard Mask
The Inverse of the Subnet Mask
255.255.255.192 (SM) = 0.0.0.63 (WM)
Defines either the specific host or size of a subnet to be permitted or denied
by the ACL
How to Calculate the Wildcard Mask?
Subtract the subnet mask from 255.255.255.255
Single Host – (SM) 255.255.255.255 (WM) 0.0.0.0
Subnet with 16 addresses – (SM) 255.255.255.240 (WM) 0.0.0.15
Subnet with 64 addresses – (SM) 255.255.255.192 (WM) 0.0.0.63
access-list access-list-number {permit|deny} {host | source source-wildcard |
any}
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The ‘Infamous’ Wildcard Mask
Subnet with 16 addresses – (SM) 255.255.255.240
255.255.255.255
-255.255.255.240 (SM)
0 . 0 . 0 . 15 (WM)
access-list access-list-number {permit|deny} {host | source source-wildcard |
any}
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Two Basic Steps
Create the Access Control List, then…
Router(config)# access-list 8 deny 131.108.7.0 0.0.0.3
Router(config)# access-list 8 permit 131.108.2.0 0.0.0.255
Router(config)# access-list 8 permit any
(access-list 8 deny any)
• Apply it to the Correct Interface
Router(config)# interface serial0
Router(config-if)# ip access-group 8 in
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Configuring an Extended IP ACL
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Extended IP ACL Syntax
access-list access-list-number {permit|deny} protocol {host | source
source-wildcard | any} {host | destination destination-wildcard | any}
[precedence precedence name or #]
• Numbered 100 – 199
• Looks both the IP source address and destination
address
• Checks many IP layer (L3) and upper layer (L4)
header fields
• Good for blocking traffic anywhere (near source)
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Applying Access Lists
To a Specific Interface:
Router (config-if)# ip access-group {access-list-number} {in |
out}
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ACL Guidelines
Use Standard IP Access Lists when filtering near Destination
• Use Extended IP Access Lists when filtering using
both the Source address and a Destination address
and/or need to specify a Protocol, Ports, etc.
• STEPS:
• Create ACL first, then Apply to interface
• Remember the implicit “deny all” at end of ACL
• Carefully place your ACL…consider bandwidth, etc.
• No editing or re-ordering of numbered ACLs (other than
adding lines at end)
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Q and A
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