Transcript PV-Diesel Hybrid System - APEC

Renewable Energy Option for
Sustainable Rural
Electrification in Indonesia
Chayun Budiono
PT Gerbang Multindo Nusantara
APEC Village Power Workshop
Canterbury, New Zealand
November 7-9, 2004
Agenda
 Situation
faced
 Major RET Development
 Case Study
Indonesia in Profile*)







Currency : Indonesian Rupiah (IDR)
1 USD  8500 IDR
All figures are approximation only
*) Central Bureau of Statistics 2003

Sea area :
7 900 000 km2
Land area :
1 900 000 km2
Population :
212 Million
Provinces
: 31
District
: 302
Sub-district : 4 918
Village
: 70 460
Islands
: 17 000
Average : 700 houses/village
Urban: 1000-2000 h/village
Rural : 300 – 500 h/village
Energy Reserve in Indonesia
Fossil
 Fuel Oil*)
 Gas *)
 Coal *)
:
:
:
5.00
2.05
5.22
Renewable
 Hydro
 Biomass
 Solar Energy
 Wind & Wave
:
:
:
:
75.0
GW
470
Million GJ/year
5.0
kWh/m2.day
Potential along South Coast of Java
*)
Billion Barrels (0.5%)
Trillion m3 (1.4%)
Billion Ton (0.5%)
Proven Reserve as of 2000; percentage to the world reserve.
Annual Electricity Demand (GWh)
200,000
180,000
160,000
140,000
120,000
100,000
80,000
60,000
40,000
20,000
0
2000
2002
2004
Indonesia
2006
2008
Jawa-Bali
2010
2012
Other Island
2014
Concept Shifting
 Centralized
into Distributed
 Large Scale into a Sustainable Small Scale
 Top down into Bottom-up Approach
 Investment justification considers also
economic viability and “energy for
services”
Profile of Rural Electrification
Estimated
number of
unelectrified
rural households:
Electrification Ratio
54%
20 Million
December 2003
Urban 40%
Rural 60%
RE Sources for Rural Electrification
 Pico
and Micro Hydro
 Solar Photovoltaic System
 Biomass Energy System
 Wind Energy Conversion
 Hybrid
Typical Photovoltaic Applications





Solar home system (SHS),
50 - 200 Wp
Drinking water & small
irrigation pumping, 1 - 5
kWp
Hybrid System, e.g. diesel
& wind, 10 - 100 kWp
Rural telecommunication
0.5 - 2 kWp
Navigation aid, up to 500
Wp
Installed PV System*)
 Total
Installed
:
5,000 kWp
Home System :
 Hybrid System
:
 Others
:
3,500 kWp
1,000 kWp
500 kWp
 Solar
*) estimated a.o. 2003
Solar Home System (SHS)
50 ~ 300 Wp
Typical Standard of PV-SHS
For 50Wp system
delivers electricity
180-200 Wh/day
PV-Diesel Hybrid System
Size Range 15-75 kWp
Typical Rural Electricity Load Profile
100.0
90.0
Peak Load Average 80% P-nom
Electricity Demand (%)
80.0
70.0
60.0
50.0
40.0
Base Load Average 12% P-nom
30.0
20.0
10.0
0.0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
Time of Day
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
Potential of PV-Diesel Hybrid Market
Frequency (%)
40
35
Total Diesel Identified 3,000 units
30
Potential for PV-D Hybrid 1,000 units
25
PV capacity 46 MWp
20
15
10
5
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
Diesel Capacity (kW)
350
400
more
Economic Potential of Biomass
Rice Mill - smallholders
Electricity : 6 kWh
Thermal : .. kWh
Rice ~ 360 kg
1 ton wet paddy
Rice Husk
~ 80 kg
~ 40 kWh-el
~ 120 kWh-th
Sawmill - smallholders
Electricity : 25~30 kWh
0,5 m3 Sawn Timber
1 m3 Log
Waste 0,45 m3
~ 500 kWh-th
~ 100 kWh-el
Case of Smallholder Sawmills
Number of Establishments : 710 units
 Total log supply
: 6,2 Million m3

Per-sawmill average
 Unit Capacity
 Waste Production per-unit
 Generation of electricity
 Generating Power
: 30 m3-log/day
: 13,5 m3/day (45%)
: 1,35 MWh/day
: 100 kW (12 h/day)
Smallholder Profiles
Sawmill Capacity (typical) : 20 - 40 m3-log/day
 Power Demand
: 60 kW
 Working Hours
: 10 hrs/day
 Electricity Consumption
: 600 kWh/day
 Waste Generation Potential : 1.35 MWh/day
------------( :: 2 times more than consumption )

Typical RE Technology
Type :
Down draft
Capacity :
40 - 100 kW
Biomass Consumption
1,2 - 1,4 kg/kWh
Wood Gasification 50 kVA
Cost Structure of El. Generation
1,000
850,Generating Cost (Rp/kWh)
Generating Cost (Rp/kWh)
1000
800
600
300,-
400
150,200
850,-
800
600
400,400
250,-
200
0
0
Stand Alone
Dual Fuel
Diesel
Stand Alone
Operational
Maintenance
Waste Cost : Rp. 0,-/m3
Diesel
Operational Mode
Operational Mode
Capital
Dual Fuel
Capital
Operational
Maintenance
Waste Cost : Rp. 50.000,-/m3
Off Grid Micro-hydro at Dewata
Storage Pond
Intake & Sandtrap
Penstock
Headrace Canal
Powerhouse
Project Data
• ‘Run of the River’ Scheme with enlarged forebay/storage
• Flow control without ballast using the DTC-Vario system
• Design Flow:
600 l/s
• Net head:
62.4 m
• Design capacity:
250 kW
• Annual production:
925 000 kWh
• Percentage of demand:
> 90 %
Penstock
• The penstock has
a total length of
195 m and a gross
head of 65.4 m.
• Spiral-welded steel pipe
with a diameter of 600 mm
Electro-mechanical equipment


Two locally manufactured Crossflow turbines entec T-14-300
Synchronous generators: Hitzinger, Austria
Unit Energy cost in Dewata
Energy Price (IDR/kWh)
1'600
1'400
1'200
1'000
Diesel 2003
Diesel FS
Hybrid 2003
Hybrid FS
800
600
400
200
0
1
9
3
5
7
9
1
3
5
7
9
9
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
19
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
2'
Sustainable Development Scheme
Managerial
Capacity
Dedicated
Resources
• Willingness and ability to
pay
• Community participation
•Operated by trained local
community
• Simple maintenance and
operating procedure
• Availability of spare parts
Management
Reliable and
Security of
sufficient
income
Consumer
Technical
System
•It satisfies the electricity
demand of the consumer
• It guarantees quality and
continuous supply of
electricity
Environmental
ly Sound
BOOT & Revolving Fund Model
Financial Source (Bank, Private Investors,
Cooperative, donors, etc.)
Kalimaron on-grid micro-hydro
Energy Cooperative
(KOPENINDO)
75%
Local Community
Local Community
25%
ESCO
(100%)
ESCO
Local Community
ESCO
RED Program and ESCO Development
Basic Concept



To provide electricity
for community at the
Hamlet of Janjing
Develop local
income generating
activities, i.e. kapok
processing and waste
paper recycling
Sell excess electricity
through the utility
grid
On-grid Kalimaron Micro-hydro
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Output (P) 30 kW
Debit (Q) 300 liter /second
Net head (Hn) 14 meter
Intake Stone Masonry
diversion weir
Open channel head race
150 m/ Underground PVC
pipe 70m
Penstock Pipe Rolled steel
- 300mm diameter / 45 m
Generating & Interconnecting Sets
Locally Manufactured
Cross Flow Turbine
Type ENTEC T-14
 Generator 40 kVa AvK
Synchronous
 Controller Electronic
Load Controller (ELC)
 Locally assembled
Mainscon Synch. &
Protection Unit

Results

It generates electricity of approximately 180.000 kWh/year
and average power generation of 21 kW;
Monthly revenue generated:
 Payment from community
 Payment from Utility
:
:
IDR 2 Million
IDR 5 Million
Monthly Expenditure
 Operation & Maintenance
 Revolving Fund Repayment
:
:
IDR 1.5 Million
IDR 3.5 Million
Average Monthly Income
:
IDR 2 Million
Lessons
A key success of micro-hydro project at
Kalimaron is community participation, reliable
community organization (PKM), and the
availability of a fund for sustainable operation;
 It generates surplus of income of IDR 2 Million
per month;
 It generates awareness of the community to
maintain the surrounding environment and
catchment areas.
