Transcript Slide 1

Human Physiology
Endocrine Glands
Chapter 11
Hypothalamus and Pituitary
A 50 year-old and has a pituitary tumor that
produces excess amounts of growth hormone.
Which of the following symptoms would you
expect to observe as a result of this condition?
A. Hyperglycemia.
B. High blood levels of amino acids.
C. Immune suppression.
D. Decreased urine output.
ANSWER
Hypothalamus and Pituitary
A 50 year-old and has a pituitary tumor that
produces excess amounts of growth hormone.
Which of the following symptoms would you
expect to observe as a result of this condition?
A. Hyperglycemia.
B. High blood levels of amino acids.
C. Immune suppression.
D. Decreased urine output.
Hypothalamus and Pituitary
An antibody is injected into an experimental rat. This antibody
binds to somatostatin (or GHIH) and makes it nonfunctional.
The secretion of which hormone will be most affected, and in
what direction? (↑ increase, ↓ decrease)
Hormone
Change
Noticed
A. GH
↓
B. ACTH
↑
C. LH
↓
D. FSH
↓
E. GH
↑
F. LH
↑
G. ACTH
↓
H. FSH
↑
ANSWER
Hypothalamus and Pituitary
An antibody is injected into an experimental rat. This antibody
binds to somatostatin (or GHIH) and makes it nonfunctional.
The secretion of which hormone will be most affected, and in
what direction? (↑ increase, ↓ decrease)
Hormone
Change
Noticed
A. GH
↓
B. ACTH
↑
C. LH
↓
D. FSH
↓
E. GH
↑
F. LH
↑
G. ACTH
↓
H. FSH
↑
ANSWER
Hypothalamus and Pituitary
The disruption of the hypothalamic-pituitary
portal circulation would result in which of the
following alterations ( ↑ increase, ↓ decrease, ↔
no change) in circulating levels of hormones?
ANSWER
Hypothalamus and Pituitary
The disruption of the hypothalamic-pituitary
portal circulation would result in which of the
following alterations ( ↑ increase, ↓ decrease, ↔
no change) in circulating levels of hormones? B
Hypothalamus and Pituitary
If all of the neural connections
from the hypothalamus to the
pituitary were severed (cut),
the secretion of which of the
following hormones would be
most affected? Indicate for
each hormone whether its
secretion would be "affected"
or "not affected.“
Hormone
Affected/not
affected
A. Vasopressin
B. Oxytocin
C. Prolactin
D. ACTH
E. GnRH
ANSWER
Hypothalamus and Pituitary
If all of the neural connections
from the hypothalamus to the
pituitary were severed (cut),
the secretion of which of the
following hormones would be
most affected? Indicate for
each hormone whether its
secretion would be "affected"
or "not affected.“
Hormone
Affected/not
affected
A. Vasopressin affected
B. Oxytocin
C. Prolactin
D. ACTH
E. GnRH
affected
not
affected
not
affected
not
affected
Adrenal Glands
Hypotension (lower than normal blood
pressure) accompanied by hyponatremia
(decreased plasma sodium levels) and
hyperkalemia (increased plasma potassium
levels) could be due to
A. elevated blood ACTH levels.
B. low blood PTH levels.
C. low blood aldosterone levels.
D. elevated blood thyroxine levels.
ANSWER
Adrenal Glands
Hypotension (lower than normal blood
pressure) accompanied by hyponatremia
(decreased plasma sodium levels) and
hyperkalemia (increased plasma potassium
levels) could be due to
A. elevated blood ACTH levels.
B. low blood PTH levels.
C. low blood aldosterone levels.
D. elevated blood thyroxine levels.
Adrenal Glands
If the adrenal glands were removed from a
patient, would you expect an increase or
decrease in the plasma levels of the
following hormones?
Hormone Increase/Decrease
A. Cortisol
B. ACTH
C. CRH
ANSWER
Adrenal Glands
If the adrenal glands were removed from a
patient, would you expect an increase or
decrease in the plasma levels of the
following hormones?
Hormone
A. Cortisol
B. ACTH
C. CRH
Increase/Decrease
Decrease
Increase
Increase
Adrenal Glands
Selective destruction of the adrenal cortex
would produce a deficiency of which hormone?
A. Androstenedione.
B. Aldosterone.
C. Cortisol.
D. Dehydroepiandrostenedione.
ANSWER
Adrenal Glands
Selective destruction of the adrenal cortex
would produce a deficiency of which hormone?
A. Androstenedione.
B. Aldosterone.
C. Cortisol.
D. Dehydroepiandrostenedione.
Adrenal Glands
A 40-year old obese woman is in a clinic. Her
physical and lab tests suggest that she is suffering
from hyperglycemia,, muscle weakness, and
increased circulating levels of ACTH. The most
likely cause of her condition is
A. Addison's disease.
B. hyperthyroidism.
C. hypothyroidism.
D. Cushing's disease.
ANSWER
Adrenal Glands
A 40-year old obese woman is in a clinic. Her
physical and lab tests suggest that she is suffering
from hyperglycemia,, muscle weakness, and
increased circulating levels of ACTH. The most
likely cause of her condition is
A. Addison's disease.
B. hyperthyroidism.
C. hypothyroidism.
D. Cushing's disease.
Adrenal Glands
A 35-year-old woman has noted a weight gain of 15 lbs
over the past year. On physical examination her blood
pressure is higher than normal. Her glucose is 181
mg/dL. Which of the following would you expect to be
present in this patient?
A. Lung metastatic carcinoma (lung cancer).
B. A prolactinoma (pituitary tumor producing more
prolactin than normal)
C. Grave's disease.
D. An adrenal adenoma (a benign tumor of the adrenal
gland).
ANSWER
Adrenal Glands
A 35-year-old woman has noted a weight gain of 15 lbs
over the past year. On physical examination her blood
pressure is higher than normal. Her glucose is 181
mg/dL. Which of the following would you expect to be
present in this patient?
A. Lung metastatic carcinoma (lung cancer).
B. A prolactinoma (pituitary tumor producing more
prolactin than normal)
C. Grave's disease.
D. An adrenal adenoma (a benign tumor of the adrenal
gland).
Thyroid and Parathyroid
A 19-year old female student has had difficulty focusing on
school work for the past month. She complains that the
classrooms are too hot. She seems nervous about homework
assignments, exams and grades. She has lost 10 lbs in the
past month. On physical examination, her body temperature is
37.8 C, pulse 100/minute, respiratory rate 19/minute, and blood
pressure 140/85 mm Hg. Which of the following laboratory
findings is most likely to be present in this woman?
A. Decreased catecholamines.
B. Increased ACTH.
C. Decreased iodine uptake.
ANSWER
D. Decreased TSH.
Thyroid and Parathyroid
A 19-year old female student has had difficulty focusing on
school work for the past month. She complains that the
classrooms are too hot. She seems nervous about homework
assignments, exams and grades. She has lost 10 lbs in the
past month. On physical examination, her body temperature is
37.8 C, pulse 100/minute, respiratory rate 19/minute, and blood
pressure 140/85 mm Hg. Which of the following laboratory
findings is most likely to be present in this woman?
A. Decreased catecholamines.
B. Increased ACTH.
C. Decreased iodine uptake.
D. Decreased TSH.
Thyroid and Parathyroid
A patient appears in a clinic complaining of fatigue
and sensitivity to cold. He also has a lump in his
neck near his larynx. Blood tests show that he has
low levels of T3 and T4. Which of the following is
the most likely diagnosis?
A. Secondary hypothyroidism.
B. Insufficient iodine in the patient's diet.
C. Insufficient secretion of TRH.
D. Secondary hyperthyroidism.
ANSWER
Thyroid and Parathyroid
A patient appears in a clinic complaining of fatigue
and sensitivity to cold. He also has a lump in his
neck near his larynx. Blood tests show that he has
low levels of T3 and T4. Which of the following is
the most likely diagnosis?
A. Secondary hypothyroidism.
B. Insufficient iodine in the patient's diet.
C. Insufficient secretion of TRH.
D. Secondary hyperthyroidism.
Pancreas and other Endocrine Glands
Which gland is both an endocrine and an
exocrine gland?
A. Pituitary gland.
B. Ovary.
C. Pancreas.
D. Thyroid gland.
E. Pineal gland.
ANSWER
Pancreas and other Endocrine Glands
Which gland is both an endocrine and an
exocrine gland?
A. Pituitary gland.
B. Ovary.
C. Pancreas.
D. Thyroid gland.
E. Pineal gland.
Pancreas and other Endocrine Glands
Which of the following hormone - gland
relationships is incorrect?
A. Glucagon – Pancreas.
B. Human chorionic gonadotropin – Ovary.
C. Melatonin – Pineal gland.
D. Testosterone – Testis.
ANSWER
Pancreas and other Endocrine Glands
Which of the following hormone - gland
relationships is incorrect?
A. Glucagon – Pancreas.
B. Human chorionic gonadotropin – Ovary.
C. Melatonin – Pineal gland.
D. Testosterone – Testis.
Pancreas and other Endocrine Glands
A 51-year-old man with a history of type 2 diabetes mellitus
comes to the physician for a routine examination. He notes
that his blood glucose concentration has been persistently
high over the past 4 months and he gained 20 lbs during the
holidays. His diabetes has been more difficult to control
because weight gain causes which of the following to occur?
A. Downregulation of insulin receptors.
B. Inhibition of insulin release.
C. Increased expression of GLUT-4 transporters.
D. Upregulation of insulin receptors.
ANSWER
Pancreas and other Endocrine Glands
A 51-year-old man with a history of type 2 diabetes mellitus
comes to the physician for a routine examination. He notes
that his blood glucose concentration has been persistently
high over the past 4 months and he gained 20 lbs during the
holidays. His diabetes has been more difficult to control
because weight gain causes which of the following to occur?
A. Downregulation of insulin receptors.
B. Inhibition of insulin release.
C. Increased expression of GLUT-4 transporters.
D. Upregulation of insulin receptors.