Transcript High Performance Powerplants

High Performance Power Plants
Complex Airplanes
Complex Airplanes
• Retractable landing gear
• Flaps
• Controllable pitch propeller
High Performance Airplane
High Performance Airplane
• Engine of over 200 Horsepower
Manifold
• What is a manifold?
Manifold
• What is a manifold?
• A pipe with many lateral outlets
to connect one with others
• Airplanes often have an intake
manifold and and exhaust
manifold
Manifold Pressure
• A measure of the pressurized air
in the intake manifold measured
in inches of mercury
• With the engine off, what does
the manifold pressure normally
register at sea level
• At 5,000 feet?
Fuel Injection Systems
• Carburetor Heat
• Auxiliary Fuel Pump
• Fuel Flow Indicator
• Vapor Lock
Engine Monitoring
• Exhaust Gas Temperature
Gauge (EGT)
• Best Economy Mixture
• Best Power Mixture
• Cylinder-Head Temperature
Gauge (CHT)
Abnormal Combustion
• Detonation
• Preignition
Induction Icing
• Impact Ice
• Induction System Icing
• Alternate Air Source
Turbocharging Systems
• Manifold Pressure Gauge
• Absolute Ceiling
• Service Ceiling
• Critical Altitude
Supercharging
• The compressor is driven by the
crankshaft through an intricate
gearing system, which takes
considerable horsepower from
the engine to operate
Constant-Speed Propellers
• Blade Angle
• Pitch Angle
• Geometric Pitch Angle
• Effective Pitch Angle
Constant-Speed Propellers
• Propeller Blade Slip
• Governing Range
• Propeller Control
Constant-Speed Propellers
• Feathering Propellers Vs
Nonfeathering
• Multiengine airplanes
• Reduce drag
• Prevent further engine damage
• What is the largest
reciprocating engine to be
successfully used in an
airplane?
• What is the largest reciprocating
engine to be successfully used in
an airplane?
• R4360
• Eight of them used on the Spruce
Goose.
• What was the diameter of the
propellers used on the Spruce
Goose?
• What was the diameter of the
propellers used on the Spruce
Goose?
• 17 feet 2 inches
• What is propeller efficiency?
• What is propeller efficiency?
• Ratio of thrust horsepower to
brake horsepower
• What is a Q-tipped propeller?
• What is a Q-tipped propeller?
• A Hartzell propeller with the tip
of each blade bent back 90
degrees. It normally replaces a
propeller of larger diameter.
• What are the advantages of a Qtipped propeller?
• What are the advantages of a Qtipped propeller?
• Reduce cabin noise
• Increased Blade-to-ground clearance
• Less erosion and other damage
caused by ground debris.
• If you feather a propeller and
then make a wheels-up landing,
what direction will the propeller
bend?
• If you feather a propeller and
then make a wheels-up landing,
what direction will the propeller
bend?
• backward
• If you strike a propeller while
you are in powered flight,
which direction will it bend?
• If you strike a propeller while
you are in powered flight,
which direction will it bend?
• forward
• What material was used to
make propellers on early
aircraft?
• Why?
• What material was used to make
propellers on early aircraft?
• Why?
• Wood
• It is light, strong, flexible and can
be easily worked.
• After wood, what was the next
popular material for making
propellers?
• After wood, what was the next
popular material for making
propellers?
• Metal
• Does a propeller have the same
geometric pitch throughout its
length?
• Why?
• No
• Tip of blade is moving faster
than the hub. Tip would stall
Noise Abatement
• Some airports have specific
routes you have to fly to try to
avoid populated areas
• Ground noise levels can often
be reduced by reducing power
• If you have a turbocharging
system with manual controls,
how might you encounter an
overboost annunciator segment
light?
• Descending from a high altitude
• Applying takeoff power to a
cold engine.
• What is the maximum glide
configuration in a Bonanza?
• Landing Gear?
• What is the maximum glide
configuration in a Bonanza?
• Landing Gear - Up
• Flaps?
• What is the maximum glide
configuration in a Bonanza?
• Landing Gear - Up
• Flaps - Up
• Cowl Flaps?
• What is the maximum glide
configuration in a Bonanza?
• Landing Gear - Up
• Flaps - Up
• Cowl Flaps - Closed
• Propeller?
• What is the maximum glide
configuration in a Bonanza?
• Cowl Flaps - Closed
• Propeller - Pull for low RPM
• Airspeed?
• What is the maximum glide
configuration in a Bonanza?
• Propeller - Pull for low RPM
• Airspeed - 105 KTS
• What is the emergency descent
configuration of the Bonanza?
• Power?
• What is the emergency descent
configuration of the Bonanza?
• Power - Idle
• Propeller?
• What is the emergency descent
configuration of the Bonanza?
• Power - Idle
• Propeller - High RPM
• Landing Gear?
• What is the emergency descent
configuration of the Bonanza?
• Power - Idle
• Propeller - High RPM
• Landing Gear - Down
• Airspeed?
• What is the emergency descent
configuration of the Bonanza?
• Power - Idle
• Propeller - High RPM
• Landing Gear - Down
• Airspeed - 154 KTS
What effect, if any, would
a change in ambient
temperature or air density
have on gas turbine engine
performance?
A.
As temperature increases,
thrust decreases.
B.
As air density decreases,
thrust increases.
C.
As temperature increases,
thrust increases.
What effect, if any, would
a change in ambient
temperature or air density
have on gas turbine engine
performance?
A.
As temperature
increases, thrust
decreases.
.
Applying carburetor heat
will
A.
enrich the fuel/air
mixture.
B.
lean the fuel/air
mixture.
C.
not affect the
mixture.
Applying carburetor heat
will
A.
enrich the fuel/air
mixture.
Detonation occurs in
a reciprocating
aircraft engine when
A.
the spark plugs receive an
electrical jolt caused by a short
in the wiring.
B.
there is an explosive
increase of fuel caused by too
rich a fuel/air mixture.
C.
the unburned charge in the
cylinders is subjected to
instantaneous combustion.
Detonation occurs in a
reciprocating aircraft
engine when
C.
the unburned charge
in the cylinders is
subjected to instantaneous
combustion.
The uncontrolled firing of
the fuel/air charge in
advance of normal spark
ignition is known as
A.
instantaneous
combustion.
B.
detonation.
C.
pre-ignition.
The uncontrolled firing
of the fuel/air charge
in advance of normal
spark ignition is known
as
C.
pre-ignition.
Before shutdown, while
at idle, the ignition
key is momentarily
turned OFF. The engine
continues to run with
no interruption; this
A.
is normal because the engine
is usually stopped by moving the
mixture to idle cut-off.
B.
is an undesirable practice,
but indicates that nothing is
wrong.
C.
should not normally happen.
Indicates a magneto not grounding
in OFF position.
Before shutdown, while at
idle, the ignition key is
momentarily turned OFF. The
engine continues to run with
no interruption; this
C.
should not normally
happen. Indicates a magneto
not grounding in OFF
position.
A detuning of engine
crankshaft
counterweights is a
source of overstress
that may be caused by
A.
rapid opening and
closing of the throttle.
B.
operating with an
excessively rich fuel/air
mixture.
C.
carburetor ice forming
on the throttle valve.
A detuning of engine
crankshaft counterweights
is a source of overstress
that may be caused by
A.
rapid opening and
closing of the throttle.
If the ground wire
between the magneto and
the ignition switch
becomes disconnected,
the engine
A.
will not operate on one
magneto.
B.
cannot be started with
the switch in the BOTH
position.
C.
could accidentally
start if the propeller is
moved with fuel in the
cylinder.
If the ground wire between
the magneto and the
ignition switch becomes
disconnected, the engine
C.
could accidentally
start if the propeller is
moved with fuel in the
cylinder.
For internal cooling,
reciprocating aircraft
engines are especially
dependent on
A.
a properly
functioning cowl flap
augmenter.
B.
the proper
freon/compressor output
ratio.
C.
the circulation of
lubricating oil.
For internal cooling,
reciprocating aircraft
engines are especially
dependent on
C.
the circulation
of lubricating oil.
Frequent inspections
should be made of
aircraft exhaust
manifold-type heating
systems to minimize
the possibility of
A.
a cold-running engine
due to the heat withdrawn by
the heater.
B.
exhaust gases leaking
into the cockpit.
C.
a power loss due to
back pressure in the exhaust
system.
Frequent inspections
should be made of
aircraft exhaust
manifold-type heating
systems to minimize the
possibility of
B.
exhaust gases
leaking into the cockpit.
Propeller efficiency is the
A.
ratio of thrust
horsepower to brake
horsepower.
B.
actual distance a
propeller advances in one
revolution.
C.
ratio of geometric pitch
to effective pitch.
Propeller efficiency is
the
A.
ratio of thrust
horsepower to brake
horsepower.
The reason for
variations in geometric
pitch (twisting) along
a propeller blade is
that it
A.
prevents the portion of the
blade near the hub from stalling
during cruising flight.
B.
permits a relatively constant
angle of attack along its length
when in cruising flight.
C.
permits a relatively constant
angle of incidence along its length
when in cruising flight.
The reason for variations
in geometric pitch
(twisting) along a
propeller blade is that it
B.
permits a relatively
constant angle of attack
along its length when in
cruising flight.
Which statement best
describes the
operating principle of
a constant-speed
propeller?
A.
As throttle setting is changed
by the pilot, the prop governor
causes pitch angle of the propeller
blades to remain unchanged.
B.
A high blade angle, or
increased pitch, reduces the
propeller drag and allows more
engine power for takeoffs.
C.
The propeller control
regulates the engine RPM and in
turn the propeller RPM.
Which statement best
describes the operating
principle of a constantspeed propeller?
C.
The propeller
control regulates the
engine RPM and in turn
the propeller RPM.
In aircraft equipped with
constant-speed propellers
and normally-aspirated
engines, which procedure
should be used to avoid
placing undue stress on the
engine components? When
power is being
A.
decreased, reduce the RPM
before reducing the manifold
pressure.
B.
increased or decreased,
the RPM should be adjusted
before the manifold pressure.
C.
increased, increase the
RPM before increasing the
manifold pressure.
In aircraft equipped with constantspeed propellers and normallyaspirated engines, which procedure
should be used to avoid placing
undue stress on the engine
components? When power is being
C.
increased, increase the RPM
before increasing the manifold
pressure.
For takeoff, the blade angle
of a controllable-pitch
propeller should be set at a
A.
large angle of attack and
high RPM.
B.
small angle of attack and
high RPM.
C.
large angle of attack and
low RPM.
For takeoff, the blade
angle of a controllablepitch propeller should be
set at a
B.
small angle of attack
and high RPM.
To establish a climb after
takeoff in an aircraft
equipped with a constantspeed propeller, the
output of the engine is
reduced to climb power by
decreasing manifold
pressure and
A.
decreasing RPM by
increasing propeller blade
angle.
B.
increasing RPM by
decreasing propeller blade
angle.
C.
decreasing RPM by
decreasing propeller blade
angle.
To establish a climb after takeoff
in an aircraft equipped with a
constant-speed propeller, the
output of the engine is reduced to
climb power by decreasing manifold
pressure and
A.
decreasing RPM by increasing
propeller blade angle.