Transcript Slide 1

PROVIDING SUPPORT FOR POST
CONFLICT RECONSTRUCTION
OPERATIONS
Ensuring a Comprehensive Approach
Presentation by Clare Lockhart
RUSI, 31 October 2006
© Agora
Support for Post Conflict Operations
The only sustainable way to achieve long term, sustainable
security across the world is if each nation state provides its
own security: the West cannot afford to police the Rest
Stability comes not through repression, but through
establishment of legitimate institutions
Order comes through creation of bonds of trust between
citizen and state: each citizen must see a path to social
and economic mobility
This requires that state institutions are built and national
governments assume responsibility to provide a range of
services and functions for their citizens
© Agora
Constraints in Our Current Response
The current organizational forms and practices are not up to
our current challenges:
Silos of politics, security, development and humanitarian organizations
hinder and fragment effective action on the ground
Non-state provision of traditional state services: through development
and humanitarian actors which substitute for and therefore undermine
state, market and civil institutions
Lack of harmonization: Domestic legal frameworks ignored: thousands
of uncoordinated projects fragment rule of law
Lack of predictability in flows of resources: resources flow through
dozens of donors, on short time horizons and differing budget years:
reconciliation of these not possible within a single budget framework
Outcome: fragmentation, chaos, no coherent strategy
© Agora
Constraints in our current approach
The military solution: Limits to the use of force
The aid solution: Failure of the aid system to deliver
The government solution: The right of use and
abuse
The non-state actor solution: Taliban, Hamas,
Hezbollah etc
© Agora
The user perspective
Story of state undermining in Afghanistan: 2002 vs 2005
Military costs $15bn in Afghanistan: support to aid system $3bn; international
support to Afghanistan’s budget $200m.
While professed goal is “state-building” allocation of resources to other objectives.
In 2002, refusal to finance government budget ($20m vs $2bn): refusal to
finance government buildings ($40m: not “poverty reducing”: as Afghanistan
Stabilization Program: “too dangerous”)
Pity the poor finance minister
40 donors, 70% of time spent coordinating external assistance
Pity the poor governor
$20m vs $2bn- mismatch in resources, therefore capability, authority and legitimacy
Pity the poor citizen
Allegiances to donors, with accountability mechanisms in place
Complex games played at multiple levels: centrifugal forces that fragment power,
authority and accountability
© Agora
An alternative approach
New form of partnership based on co-production
Different timelines
Different instruments
© Agora
Framework for Failed State Reconstruction
State Effectiveness Initiative set up in 2005
Series of Frameworks derived from theoretical and practical analysis:
Constitute an integrated approach to state-building
Recognizing the sovereignty deficit
Agreeing on functions of the state
Building a sovereignty index
Creating sovereignty strategies
Successive validation and refinements:
Greentree Estate conference September 2005, African Development
Bank, World Bank, UN, Government leaders, academic community
Recently piloted at Operation Strong Angel III
Application on the ground in Afghanistan,
Sudan, Nepal, Lebanon
© Agora
A state-building strategy
© Agora
The ten functions of the state
Monopoly on the legitimate means of violence
Administration and information management
Public finances
Human capital
Rights and responsibilities of citizens
Infrastructure services
Market regulation
Natural and physical assets (environment, land, culture, natural
resources)
International relations (treaties, public borrowing, national image)
Rule of law
© Agora
Afghanistan 2001-4
Defining the problem:
A state that lacks internal and external legitimacy
Goal:
To create a stable and prosperous Afghanistan that serves its citizens
and fulfils its international obligations
3 Scenarios:
Stalled Development/Lenin Tango
Narco-mafia State
Prosperous and stable Afghanistan
© Agora
Three scenarios
Stalled
development
Collapse
© Agora
New nation
Afghanistan
Mechanisms:
Political process:
Bonn Agreement,
Loya Jirga
Constitution- providing rule of law with cascading laws, procedures and
protocols
Presidential elections
Strategic partnership:
Karzai Tokyo Speech
National Development Framework
Afghanistan Development Forum,
Berlin conference
Afghan Compact
© Agora
Afghanistan
National Programs
A vehicle for implementation of strategy
Partnership with military strategic planners to define programs to meet
the end-goal, for example, to create:
Afghanistan National Army,
A road network,
Telecommunications,
Public Finance,
National Solidarity Program
National Emergency Employment Program
Steady momentum: one new program every six months
© Agora
Military Planning in Afghanistan
PHASE 1
ANA provides a safe & secure
environment
1.1.1-8
01. Capacity-building of CND complete, establish CNPA
offices in each province as well as border control posts
02. Continue alternative livelihood programmes
03. Continue eradication programmes(law enforcement)
04. Continue intelligence, investigative and interdiction
programmes(law enforcement)
05. Invest in basic demand reduction services and facilities
Action plans developed to eliminate
the threat to Internal Security posed
by the cultivation of illicit crops
1.1.2-3
Threat to Internal Security from
illicit crops constrained
1.1.2-5
01. Reduce staffing levels of CND
02. CND refocused on recurrence of cultivation
03. Continue alternative livelihood programmes
04. Maintain basic demand reduction programmes
Threat from illicit crops
eliminated, and an
environment free from the
destabilizing influence
of
1.1.2-8
Narcotics
Threat to Internal Security
from illicit crops diminished
1.1.2-7
1.1.2-6
1.1.2-4
2.4-4
01. Implement regional demobilization and disarmament, including
1.2-4
cantonment of heavy weapons
2.4-4
02. Coordinate reintegration amongst all implementing partners, Afghan
and International
1.1.3-4
1.1.3-3
01. Alternative employment found for all identified
officers and soldiers of AMF and Militias
02. Identify remaining AMF units and Militias yet to
be dismantled
03. Solicit International Community funding for
continued support
1.1.3-6
Credible National Law
Enforcement Agencies that can
enforce the Laws of
Afghanistan, and are earning
the confidence of the AF people
01. Continue to enhance law enforcement
capabilities
01.1 Undertake an independent functional
evaluation of the AF National Police Service
02. Secure INTERPOL membership
02.1. Secure membership in applicable
international police associations
1.1.4-6
Threat to Internal Security from
Militia Groups eliminated
All Militia Groups Dismantled
1.1.3-8
1.2-7
1.1.3-7
1.1.4 - 1
01. Continue to promote the enhancement of police rehabilitation
to the national and international community
01.1. Work to ensure that a multi-ethnic and mixed-gender
police service continues to function.
01.2. Ensure all civilian law enforcement agencies meet
international professional standards – seek accreditation.
01.3. Promote the benefits of a Professional Standards
Branch.
01.4. Promote the benefits of a Public Complaints
Commission.
01.5.Initiate On the Job training
02. Ensure institutional, legislative and operational requirements
for effective civilian police and judicial cooperation in law
enforcement are in place
03. Rehabilitate State Office of Criminal Investigation
04. Complete MOI civil service rehabilitation
05. Invest in Police Reform initiatives
1.1.4-4
05.1 Streamlining of the organization
05.2 Records keeping
05.3 Administrative reform
05.4 Financial reforms
An ethnically diverse and
representative National Law
Enforcement structure
established
1.1.4-3
1.1.4.5
Confident, capable, fully
integrated National Law
Enforcement Agencies
respected in Afghan society
and by the International
Community
Professional National Law
Enforcement Agencies
established that conforms to
international standards
1.1.4-7
1.1.4-8
1.1.4-2
01. Promote multi-ethnic representation in the NDS leadership
02. Realign NDS functions to remove police functions, and
disassociated with police organizations
03. Develop clear structure and division of responsibilities within
NDS
03.1 Establish branches that report directly to Director
(Counter-Narcotics, Counter-Terrorism, and Organized Crime)
04. Establish Governmental Security Board control of the NDS
Multi-ethnic leadership within
NDS loyal to ATA and
accountable to political
1.1.5-3
leadership
01. Implement laws to de-couple NDS from military and has 3.3
no
police powers.
-4
1.1.5-4
NDS subject to legislative and
judicial control, with no police
powers
1.1.5.5
Reformed NDS that complies
with internationally accepted
norms
01. Governmental Security Board effective control of the NDS.
1.1.5.6
Efficient and legitimate NDS
1.1.5.7
1.1.5.8
1.1.5-2
1.1.6-1
National strategy in place and
effective, mine action capability
with donor community support
established
1.1.6-3
01. Transfer of de-mining responsibility from UNMACA to a national
agency
02. Continue to ensure the donor community remains committed to the
MAPA
03. Take measures to comply with the Ottawa Treaty
03.1 Continue stockpile destruction
04. Continue to integrate mine risk education into the community
structures
Known mine and UXOs areas
cleared
Threat of the land mines and
UXOs has been removed,
thereby creating a safe
environment for continued
development
All rural and urban areas
cleared
01. Complete clearance and destruction of mines
02. Become signatory of Ottawa Treaty
1.1.6-6
1.1.6-7
1.1.6-5
1.1.6-4
1.1.6-8
Mine Action [6.2]
Mine Action [1.1.6]
Afghanistan is contaminated with landmines
and unexploded ordnance with unknown
contamination totally approx 800sqkm of which
160sqkm of land affects high-impacted
communities
01. Continue to implement the Mine Action Centre for Afghan
(MACA) strategic plan
02. Ensure the donor community remains committed to the Mine
Action Programme for Afghanistan (MAPA)
03. Develop and instill values of safety, excellence, efficiency,
effectiveness and sustainability to comply with International
Mine Action Standards (IMAS)
04. Develop and implement Afghan Mine Actions Standards and
other policies and procedures in line with IMAS
05. Develop appropriate systems, processes and structures for
Mine Action in Afghanistan
06. Coordinate Mine Action advocacy and awareness in
Afghanistan
07. Lead and assist in resource mobilization, aiming for the
programme to be fully funded until 2012
08. Facilitate transition to a national programme by 2005
Intelligence
Service (National
Directorate for
Security - NDS)[1.1.5]
Intelligence Service (National
Directorate for Security
- NDS) [1.1.5]
Ethnically unbalanced NDS officially
answerable to ATA but strongly influenced by
warlords and local power. Corrupt and not
trustworthy
1.1.5 - 1
DEVELOPMENT
01. Legislate/Define the Afghan policing model
01.1. Accelerate administrative changes of MOI
01.2. Accelerate establishment of special branches of the
Police (counter narcotics, organized crime, crime scene
investigation, riot police, criminal intelligence, highway patrol,
crime laboratory and other specialized units).
02. Invest in a National Police Academy
02.1 Establish an Afghan Police code of conduct
03. Accelerate momentum of police training and capacity building
04. Determine funding requirements / sources (Law and Order
Trust Fund for Afghanistan (LOFTA))
04.1 Provide equipment/weapons/
uniforms/vehicles/communications
04.2 Renew / build infrastructure
04.3 Establish Pay system
05. Support synergy with judicial reform programmes
05.1 Encourage co-operation between police, prosecutors and
courts
06. Enhance public awareness of police rehabilitation
07. Promote the benefits of recruiting standards for police officers
that reflect cultural and gender diversity
07.1 Intrusively monitor diversity recruitment and training
programme
08. Promote the benefits of an independent civilian oversight
committee on police services
09. Invest in the Model District Programme
Police Structure [1.1.4]
Police not sufficiently trained, poorly equipped,
ineffective against criminality, partially
corrupted and not trustworthy. Lack of
infrastructures
Secure Environment [1]
Dismantling of Militia Groups
and Resettlement of ExCombatants ongoing with
International Community
1.1.3-5
support
Internal Security Threat [1.1]
Conditions established for the
dismantling of Militia Groups
and the Resettlement of ExCombatants into civilian life
1.1.3-2
A safe and secure environment for all Afghans (1.0)
01. Develop a National DDR Strategy for AMF and derivative
militias, for all of Afghanistan
01.1. Produce sequencing plan for ANBP
01.2. Ensure synchronization and coordination between linked
agencies
01.3. Approve and sanction regional decommissioning 1.2-2
recommendations
01.4. Provide coordinated political support and pressures as
required
01.5. Instil confidence in communities that DDR steps have
led to peace and stability
02. Develop National Strategy for Containment of Heavy Weapons
03. Develop Demobilization Strategy for AMF Commanders
04. Develop reintegration packages for ex-combatants
03 Explore linkages with Private Sector (for ex-combatants to take
advantage of economic opportunities generated)
05. Invest in Veteran (and family) long term support programmes
01.1 ATA maintains ANA
02. ANA reaches national force targets
03. ANA conducts own training/running own Colleges &
1.1 6
Academies
1.1-5
Disarmament,
Demobilization
Reintegration (1.1.3)
Afghan
National Police/Border Police [1.1.4]
Internal Security Threat [1.1]
Dismantling of all
Militias/quasi-Military Forces[1.1.3]
The security situation across parts of Afghanistan has
deteriorated significantly. There remains a continued presence
of destabilizing forces, both internal and external
1.1.6-2
Neighboring countries used as secure havens.
Support to individual parties, tribes and warlords
that serve to fragment AF along ethnic, religious
and political lines. Drug economy, smuggling
between AF and neighboring countries. Inability
to control cross border movement.
1.2 - 1
01. Apply pressure on signatories to Kabul Declarations on GoodNeighbourly Relations
02. Enforce controls on the movement of people across national
borders
03. Enforce border customs in support of regional political stability
and international economic well-being
04. Facilitate greater regional cooperation through trade
agreements and other initiatives
05. Monitor regional influences to safe and secure external
environment
06. International agreement on recognized borders
Bi-lateral relations with
neighboring countries
established
01. Continue enforcement of border crossings
02. Engage in dialogue with neighbouring countries on matters of
mutual concern
1.2-3
Bi-lateral relations assist with
regional stability and helps to
secure Afghanistan’s borders
1.2-4
1.2-5
01. Continue to monitor regional influences to safe and
secure external environment
02. Continue bi-lateral discussions
03. Create forum for discussions on Regional Stability
1.2-6
1.2-7
2.4-7
2.4-7
Afghanistan’s Sovereignty
respected and Regional
Stability achieved through
secure borders
Afghanistan restored to its
rightful place in the community
3.3 - 8
of nations
1.2-8
1.2-7
1.2-8
1.2-2
2.1-1
Free and fair elections
conducted under supervision of
International Community
01. Develop ATA capacity to administer elections
01.1 Monitor the implementation of legislation and police violations
01.2 Develop capacity building of the national election institutions
02. Transform the JEMB into an Independent Afghan Electoral Body
03. International Community provide expert advice as required
ATA able to conduct free and fair
elections with results recognized
by International Community
01. Allow international monitoring of elections administration.
02. Administer all aspects of the elections.
03. Implement election results.
2.1-6
2.1-3
Framework in place for
routinely conducted elections
2.1-7
2.1 - 5
2.1-4
Free and fair execution of
elections and transfer of power
2.1-8
Elections [2.1]
ATA
Elections [2.1]
ATA does not have the capacity to independently
conduct its own election at any level or ensure a
peaceful transfer of power
01. Build the framework for elections
01.1 Establish a Joint Election Management Body (JEMB)
01.2 Create a coordinated plan
01.3 Complete Voter Registration
01.4 Provide Provisional Rules and Regulations
01.5 Promote an understanding of the benefits of free and fair
elections
01.6 Enact laws on political party financing and conflict of interest
01.7 Communicate details of election
01.8 Assure public security to conduct elections including freedom
of movement of candidates and where the voters are free from
coercive powers
02. Proactively assist with the ongoing implementation of election results
and transfer of power
03. Enact the Election Law
External Security Threat [1.2]
External Security Threat [1.2]
FACILITATE
Secure
Environment [1]
There are a significant number of AMF forces in
contradiction to the Bonn Agreement. Removal
of these forces will enhance the security
situation. Further, as the ANA responsibilities
increase, the risk on conflict/incident between
ANA and AMF forces
1.1.3-1
Afghan National Army provides a safe
and secure environment with
International Community support
1.1.1-4
Afghan National Army fully
developed and sustainable within
Afghanistan without International
Community support
1.1.1-7
NATIONAL
1.1.2-1
01. Establish ANA presence countrywide
02. Develop AAF airlift capacity
03. Decrease support from International Organizations
04. Disband AMF (linked to DDR)
Afghan National Army structure
established and can project its
presence across the country
1.1.1-3
1.1.1-2
01. Immediate steps in National Drug Control Strategy (NDCS)
undertaken (approved by President on 18 May 2003)
01.1. Invest in action plan to enforce National Drug Law
adopted on 20 Oct 2003
01.2. Extend law enforcement throughout Afghanistan by
providing national communications system for drug
law enforcement
01.3. Invest in action plan to eliminate opium production put
in place
01.4. Invest in action plan to provide alternative livelihoods
01.5. Invest in action plan for effective institutions by
building capacity of Counter-Narcotics Directorate
(CND), Counter-Narcotics Police Authority (CNPA) and
Border Police through intensive training, careful;
selection of qualified staff, and large scale capacity
building efforts
01.6. Invest in action plan to provide prevention and
treatment programmes for addicts
02. Set out provincial and local level actions 02.1. Draw up
special tactical programmes
03. Establish Monitoring and evaluation programmes 1.1.2-2
END STATE
PHASE 3
01. ATA assumes full control over ANA
Counter Narcotics (1.1.2)
Counter Narcotics [1.1.2]
Afghanistan produces three-quarters of the
world’s opium, Consumption of heroin in
neighbouring and nearby countries is growing
rapidly, stimulating further expansion of opium
production in Afghanistan. The drug economy,
which now comprises about ione-third of the total
national economy, strengthens the forces that
are opposed to national unity, state-building, and
the rule of law in Afghanistan. Local and regional
drug lords are becoming entrenched
PHASE 2
01. Accelerate ANA recruiting, training and deployment processes
02. Co-ordinate AMF demobilization through DDR
03. Establish Key Academies (Officer & NCO)
04. Complete MOD civil service reduction
05. Complete MOD structural reforms (military)
06. Invest in modern equipment for ANA
07. Invest in ANA infrastructure development projects
08. Create AAF
Internal Security Threat [1.1.1]
Afghanistan National Army[1.1.1]
Continued existence of destabilizing elements
(Taliban, Al Qaida and Hezb-l Ismali) and radical
Islamist groups that preach or practice violence.
Continued presence of armed militias (units of
the former Northern Front) waiting to be
demobilized[. Security vacuum as a result of a
fledging ANA unable to make itself felt
countrywide.
1.1.1-1
2.1-2
01. Strengthen the capacity of executive and legislative officials at Central,
provincial, district and local level
02. Build Civil Service and Support Structures for common institutions
03. Oversee of the funding streams to support the institutional laws
enacted
04. Conduct independent non-partisan audits on all government agencies.
05. Support the transition of integrated efficient and representative
governing structures
06. Dismantle all parallel and redundant institutions
07. Implement and sustain an expenditure management system
08. Develop and implement a public complaint system with mechanism for
public input
09. Establish a Public Emergency Law for Constitutional compliance
Free and self-determining
accountable Islamic
institutions enable
environment for development
and economic investment and
builds public confidence
01. Complete free and self-determining Islamic institutions.
2.2-6
2.2-5
Free and self-determining
accountable Islamic institution
trusted by the population and
justified by consistent and
beneficial behaviour on the
part of the Government
A justice system which
guarantees that the rights of
citizens will be respected and
protected before the law
2.2-8
2.2-7
2.2-4
Judicial reform enacted
2.3-3
01. Monitor the Judicial Reform
01.1 Evaluate formal courts
01.2 Consider enhancing traditional mechanisms in areas, such as
procedures and sentences
01.3 Establish internal review process
01.4 Monitor efficiency of a court’s system (backlog of cases) and
recommend adjustments
02. Reform Judicial Officials Selection Procedure
02.1 Provide funding to establish additional required institutions
02.2 Establish means for appointing or electing judges
03. Ensure effective implementation of Judicial Reform Laws
04. Establish judiciary discipline councils comprised of serving judges
A judicial system responsive to
the public
2.3-5
01. Oversee inter-cooperation among Supreme Court, High Courts,
appeal Courts and work with Parliamentary Assemblies and
relevant ministries to enact legislation
02. Court decisions recorded and referred to as precedents
03. Complete reconstruction of judicial apparatus in Provinces and
Districts
04. Complete law revision
05. Court decisions reported to Human Rights organisation
2.3-6
Judicial cooperation between all
courts and exchange of cases
and recognition of judgments
Judicial system established in
accordance with Constitution
and laws of Afghanistan
2.3-8
2.3-7
2.3-4
2.3-2
2.4-1
01. Establish and provide technical assistance to Afghan
Independent Human Rights Commission (AIHRC)
02. Repeal and implement any discriminatory laws in accordance
with the Constitution
02.1 Repeal any prosecution or forced displacement of minority
groups
02.2 Abolish any means of political intimidation and ensure
freedom of expression
02.3 Ensure safe and proper conditions for the return and
reintegration of refugees
02.4 Promote human rights education and training
02.5 Eradicate forms of women’s discrimination
02.6 Promote laws that protect the rights of women and children
02.7 Enact laws relating to privacy rights and protection of
personal information from illegal or unauthorized use
03. Pass laws on non-discrimination in employment
and education
04. Fund Human Right Initiatives
Functioning Afghan
Independent Human Rights
Commission with the capacity
to address basic human rights
services, under mentorship of
International Community
01. Enact laws on balanced education and work envisaged in
the Constitution.
02. Foster development of Human Right initiatives
03. Extend human rights education to all the population
Functioning, Afghan Independent
Human Rights Commission with
the capacity to address human
rights services
2.4-4
2.4-2
© Agora
01. Sustain laws on balanced education and work envisaged
in the Constitution.
03. Continue fostering development of Human Rights initiatives
Afghan Independent Human
Rights Commission expanded
throughout Afghanistan
Human Rights entrenched in
society
2.4-6
2.4-5
2.4-3
2.4-7
2.4 8
Human Rights [2.4]
Human Rights [2.4]
No autonomous Human Rights institutions with
the capacity to safeguard basic human rights.
State institutions inactive or non existing
Islamic Republic Governance [2]
2.3-1
Judiciary [2.3]
Requirement for international oversight
programme for judicial rehabilitation. Lack of
basic legal rights, no domestic justice system, no
judicial commission
01. Enact judicial reform laws (Islamic, multi-ethnic, gender
sensitive) and judicial framework in a manner consistent with the
Constitution of Afghanistan and the principles of Islam, having due
regard for Afghan culture and traditions
01.1 Establish and implement a Criminal Code
02.2 Establish and implement a Code for Juvenile Offenders
01.3 Establish and implement right to legal representation
01.4 Establish and implement professional legal code of ethics
01.5 Establish and implement a nationwide appellate system
01.6 Recruit magistrates
01.7 Define, establish and implement prerequisites for serving a
a magistrate
02. Empower government with effective means
to implement laws on courts and prosecution
02.1 Establish separate training for judges, prosecution and
defence councils
02.2 Adopt legislation on transfer of legal material between courts
02.3 Ensure separation of judiciary from
legislative and executive bodies of government
02.4 Ensure financial, tenure and administrative
security of judges
02.5 Strengthen and fund Independent Commission
for implementation of Constitution
02.6 Create and harmonize laws on conflict of
interest, budget transparency and attorney client privilege
02.9 Invest in knowledge generation through law
revision, compilation and dissemination, including
jurisprudence from traditional courts and tribunals
03. Monitor and intervene in the implementation of
the Judicial Selection Laws and the drafting of
legislation relating to judicial rehabilitation.
03.1 Evaluate the current level of judicial performance
03.2 Monitor trials
04. Invest in legal education and research
05. Establish/re-establish key justice sector infrastructure
06. Adopt security arrangements for magistrates
07. Establish a Bar Association
08. Establish a law society with professional discipline powers
FRAMEWORK
2.2-3
Afghanistan has established credible and functional free and selfdetermining institutions founded on Islamic principles
Free and self-determining
accountable Islamic institutions
established and functioning with
international support and
assistance
Free and self-determining
Islamic institutions [2.2]
2.2-1
2.2-2
Judiciary [2.3]
Islamic Republic
Governance [2]
NATIONAL
Regional interests prevail; Afghanistan requires
international intervention to conduct elections and
has not yet established functioning democratic
institutions [2]
Free and self-determining
Islamic Institutions [2.2]
State institutions undermined by corrupt,
undemocratic parallel institutions. A very poor
standard of administration, transparency and
accountability prevails throughout the public sector
01. Invest in rehabilitation of the Ministries, Civil
Administration and State Agencies in a manner
consistent with the Constitution of Afghanistan, the
principles of Islam, having due regard for Afghan culture and
traditions
01.1 Foster initiatives to enhance competence
level of civil administrative staff
01.2 Create an advocacy for civil administration
whistleblowers without fear of recrimination
01.3 Assist with evolution of organisation and
function of ministry and civil institution
in order to establish competency base lines
01.4 Provide adequate funding for Ministries
02. Extend governmental authority to all the country,
enhancing its administrative capacity and delivering
socio-economic benefits on a nationwide scale
02.1 Develop and implement a programme to promote
the credibility and effectiveness of the government
03. Enact Laws in support of institutions
03.1 Survey Public Corporate Transparency
Law and enhance as appropriate
03.2 Enhance Public Procurement Law
03.3 Enhance Law on Public Associations and Public Legal
persons
03.4 Enhance State Laws on Postal Services
03.5 Enhance Civil Service Law
(Civil Service Commission and Code of Conduct)
04. Reform expenditure management system
05. Reform and implement commercial law
06. Conduct inter-ministerial budget making exercise in order to
develop national policy-making systems
Applications: Sudan
Period of cease-fire after 24 years of conflict, complex legal agreements
next to JAM and humanitarian plan
Critical issue is implementing new rules of the game
Mapping of assets, constraints, scenarios, identification of drivers
Provision of decision matrix for leadership regarding critical tasks
© Agora
Applications: Nepal
Recipient of enormous aid, at start of crisis
Critical issue is unstable dual power
Stakeholder analysis, scenarios and drivers, definition of critical tasks
Delineation of roles for international actors
Options for implementation
© Agora
Applications: Lebanon
Establishment of state institutions across the
territory
Vacuum in South after departure of Israeli army
Failure of State to establish economic, security or
political institutions
e.g. $80bn in deposits in Lebanese banking system
Southern farming economy = olives and tobacco
© Agora
New instruments
The “Double Compact”: benchmarks & timelines as
basis for exit
Longer time frames: ten to fifteen years, not one to
two years
Unify financing flows: trust funds, budget
management, procurement
Approach to capacity building: South Korea model
of transfer of skills, “embedded trainers”
Preparation of projects: feasibility studies
Supply chain management
© Agora
Roles for the international system
1. Direct administrator
2. Facilitator
3. Strategic adviser
4. Catalyst
5. Substitute provider
6. Monitor
7. Evaluator
8. Referee
9. Knowledge transferor
10. Financier
“Co-producer” of institutions through partnership
© Agora