Transcript The European IPPC Bureau Institute for Prospective

Reference Document on Best Available
Techniques in Common Waste Water and Waste
Gas Treatment/Management Systems in the
Chemical Sector (CWW BREF)
Aivi Sissa
Tallinn – Estonia
27 – 28 March 2007
Introduction
• It was finalised late 2001
• Developed to apply to the chemical
industry
...contains valuable information for other
sectors
• It is a horizontal BREF
2
Borderline between vertical and horizontal
chemical BREFs
Waste water example
Chemical
reaction
VERTICAL
CHEMICAL
BREFs
Work-up
Product
Product
isolation
P
R
O
D
U
C
T
I
O
N
Waste
water
Recovery
CWW BREF
Waste water
treatment
Recipient
C
O
N
T
R
O
L
Chemical industry
The chemical industry covers a wide
range of enterprises:
• One-process-few-products enterprises
with one or just a few waste water/waste
gas streams
• Multi-production-mix enterprises with
many complex waste water/waste gas
streams
4
Vertical chemical BREFs
• Chlor-alkali (CAK)
• Large Volume Inorganic Chemicals –
Ammonia, Acids and Fertilisers (LVIC-AAF)
• Large Volume Inorganic Chemicals – Solid
and Others (LVIC-S)
• Large Volume Organic Chemicals (LVOC)
• Polymers (POL)
• Speciality Inorganic Chemicals (SIC)
• Organic Fine Chemicals (OFC)
5
Scope
• Environmental management techniques
• Generally applicable process-integrated
measures (i.e. applicable with an
identical purpose in distinct production
processes)
• End-of-pipe treatment applied on
chemical sites to WW, WG and waste
water sludge
6
Structure of the document
•
•
•
•
•
•
7
CH1: General description
CH2: Waste water/waste gas management
CH3: Applied treatment technology
CH4: Best available techniques
CH5: Emerging techniques
CH6: Concluding remarks
Best available
techniques
8
BAT – horizontal approach
• The options for emissions prevention/control
are assessed independently of the particular
production process(es)
• BAT embrace the most effective and suitable
measures for achieving a high general level of
protection of the environment as a whole
against emissions
• BAT are determined more broadly and include
more than just technology
9
Implementation of BAT
• Implementation of BAT in existing
installations:
– BAT can be integrated when major alterations
are planned
– BAT can be implemented in a step-by-step
construction programme over a period of time
• Implementation of BAT in new plants is not
normally a problem
10
General BAT
11
Waste water/waste gas
management
General Environmental Management
• proper and consistent execution of
a recognised EMS
• use of management tools
12
Management techniques
ENVIRONMENTAL
MANAGEMENT
SYSTEM
MANAGEMENT TOOLS
Inventory
management
tools
Site inventory
Safety and
emergency
tools
Pollution
incident
response
EMFA
Fire
fighting
Stream
inventory
Strategic
management
tools
Risk
assessment
LCA
Bench
marking
Operational
management
tools
Monitoring
Internal
targets
Choice of treatment
options
WEA
Choice of
collection system
Reduction of
water usage and
discharge
Implementation of control
option
WG emission
qualification
WW/WG control
systems
Quality control
Process-integrated measures
• General need for prevention/reduction of
the amount of WW and WG and/or
contamination within a production line
These are generally production- or processspecific and their applicability requires special
assessment
14
BAT for process-integrated
measures
Waste water/waste gas collection
• Ducting and segregating waste water
streams to their appropriate treatment
system
• Routing waste gases to treatment
systems. These are emission source
enclosure, vents and pipes
15
BAT for waste water
treatment
16
Waste water – key issues
• Emissions to water can arise from, e.g.,
chemical synthesis, WGT (wet scrubbers)
and rain water from contaminated areas
• The majority of process water (70 – 90%)
has a low pollution load (e.g. cleaning water,
vacuum, exhaust air clean-up, pumps)
• The remaining (10 – 30%) contains up to
90% of the pollution load
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WW techniques that fit into the scope
WASTE WATER TECHNIQUES
Processintegrated
measures
End-of-pipe treatment
Individual
treatment
Final
treatment
Pretreatment
RECIPIENT
18
Central
treatment
BAT for waste water treatment
• Four different strategies:
– central final treatment in a biological WWTP on site
– central final treatment in a municipal WWTP
– central final treatment of inorganic waste water in a
chemical/mechanical WWTP
– decentralised treatment(s)
All four strategies are considered as BAT when properly
applied to the actual waste water situation
The approach to reaching specific BAT
conclusions follows the pathway of pollutants
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Waste water
Uncontaminated
(e.g. rainwater)
Contaminated
Waste water
sewerage system
Inorganic
Heavy
metals
Salts
and/or
acids
RECOVERY
TECHNIQUES
Organic
NF / RO
Adsorption
Extraction/Distillation
Evaporation
Stripping/gas treatment
Pollutants
unsuitable
for
biological
treatment
ABATEMENT
TECHNIQUES
(non biodegradable)
Salts
and/or
acids
Oxidation
Reduction
Hydrolysis
Air oxidation
Incineration
Free oil
Hydrocarbons
Biodegradable
substances
ABATEMENT
TECHNIQUES
(biodegradable)
Refractory
or toxic
organic
Biological treatment
Receiving water
BAT AELs for the final discharge
into receiving water
Parameter
Performance
rates
(%)
10 – 20
TSS
COD
Total inorganic N
Total P
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Emission
levels
(mg/l)
76 – 96
30 – 250
5 – 25
0.5 – 1.5
Heavy metals
No decision – split view
AOX
No decision – split view
BAT for waste gas
treatment
22
Waste gas – key issues
• Only rarely can waste gas streams with different
characteristics be treated simultaneously
• Waste gas streams can roughly be divided into
ducted and non-ducted (diffuse, fugitive)
emissions
• The flow rate to be treated is a major parameter
in the selection of abatement options
• Recovery techniques are generally used for
valuable products
23
WG techniques that fit into the scope
WASTE GAS TECHNIQUES
Ducted emissions
Fugitive and
diffuse
emissions
End-of-pipe treatment
Capture
Individual
treatment
Group
treatment
STACK
24
Central
treatment
Processintegrated
measures
BAT for waste gas treatment
The approach to reaching specific BAT
conclusions follows the pathway of
pollutants
According to treatment, the sources for
waste gases are distinguished as:
• low temperature sources
• high temperature sources
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Decision pathway for WGT: basis for BAT conclusions
Low temperature:
production,
handling and
work-up gases
Substance
recovery
Energy
recovery
High temperature:
Combustion gases
Recovery techniques
VOC
Inorganic
volatiles
Membrane separation
Condensation
Adsorption
Wet scrubbers
Separators
Cyclones
Electrostatic precipitators
Fabric filters
Dust
Dust
Abatement techniques
Biofiltration
Bioscrubbing
Biotrickling
Oxidation (thermal and
catalytic)
Flaring
Separators
Cyclones
Electrostatic precipitators
Filtration
Sorption
SNCR / SCR
NOx
SOx
HCl,
HF
BAT AELs for waste gas treatment
Low-temperatures waste gases
There are no BAT AELs for low-temperature
waste gases in the CWW BREF. These are
reported in the corresponding vertical BREFs
However, the BAT chapter of the CWW BREF
reports performance levels related to the
application of techniques
27
BAT AELs for waste gas treatment
High temperature waste gases
Parameter
Dust
<5 – 15
HCl
<10
HF
<1
SO2
<40 – 150
NOx (gas boilers/heaters)
20 – 150
NOx (liquid boilers/heaters)
55 – 300
NH3 4
Dioxins
28
Emission levels
(mg/Nm3)
<5
0.1 ng/Nm TEQ
Emerging techniques
• Techniques not yet applied on a
commercial basis or outside pilot plant
operation. These could be applicable in
the future at large scale operation
• Assessment needed during the review of
the BREF
29
Concluding remarks
• High level of consensus achieved
• There is a lack of information on:
– performance data in combination with
operational data (e.g. cross-media and
energy issues)
– costs
30
Revision of the CWW BREF
• Planned to start late 2007/early 2008
• Currently preparing a comparative
analysis of the first series of chemical
BREFs:
– to set guidelines/recommendations which will
help the Technical Working Group (TWG) with
the preparation of the review of the CWW
BREF as well as during the review process
31
QUESTIONS?
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