Transcript Chapter Introduction - Warren County Schools

Age of Exploration (1500-1800)
Pre-Chapter: Transition
Section 1
Exploration and Expansion
Section 2
Africa in an Age of Transition
Section 3
Southeast Asia in the Era of
the Spice Trade
Chapter Summary
Chapter Assessment
Wrapping Up the Reformation
• King Henry VIII wanted to divorce his first
wife, Catherine of Aragon. 
• The pope was unwilling to annul his marriage
• Henry turned to England’s church courts. 
• The archbishop of Canterbury ruled that
Henry’s marriage to Catherine was null and
void.
Wrapping Up the Reformation
• Henry marries Anne Boleyn
• Queen Elizabeth I
• 1534- Parliament moved to break England’s
Catholic Church away from the pope in Rome.
• The Act of Supremacy of 1534-
Six Wives
Wrapping Up the Reformation
• Monasteries dissolved
• church land and possessions
• He stuck close to Catholic teachings.
• Edward VI succeeded him. 
• During his reign, church officials moved the
Church of England in a Protestant direction
Wrapping Up the Reformation
• Henry’s daughter Mary came to the throne in
1553. 
• Return of England to Catholicism.
• “Bloody Mary” 
• 300 Protestants burned as heretics. 
• By the end of her reign, England was more
Protestant than ever. 
• This leads us into the AGE OF EXPLORATION
Before we begin….
Take a look a the following list of explorers. Please
give me a bio (what they did, how they died, ect…) so
you can better familiarize yourself with the men who
discovered the New World for Europe. You will be
responsible for all these figures on the test!
Christopher Columbus
Hernando Cortes
Pedro A’lvares Cabral
Francisco Pizzaro
Giovanni d Verrazzano
Amerigo Vesucci
Ferdinand Magellan
Vasco Nunez de Balboa
Motives and Means
• Europeans had long been attracted to Asia. 
• Marco Polo’s account• fourteenth-century conquests by the Ottoman
Empire 
• There was a need for a sea route 
Motives and Means (cont.)
• “God, glory, and gold.” 
• By the 15th Century:
• Technology
Motives and Means (cont.)
• Much of this technology comes from
the Arabs. 
• portolani –
• cartography–
Motives and Means (cont.)
• The compass showed the ship’s direction
• Astrolabe• Ships were built that could sail
against the wind.
•Portugal took the lead in European exploration.
•In 1420, Prince Henry the Navigator-
The Portuguese Trading Empire
• They found gold. 
• Southern Coast of West Africa:
The Gold Coast.
• In 1488, Bartholomeu Dias• Vasco da Gama in 1498-
The Portuguese Trading Empire
• In 1510, Admiral Alfonso de Albuquerque• Melaka• Moluccas, known as the Spice Islands.
The Portuguese Trading Empire
• Portugal signed a treaty
• Portugal now has control of the spice trade. 
• They are not interested in colonizing Asia.

Voyages to the Americas
• Spain v. Portugal
• Both Spain and Portugal feared the other
• 1494 Treaty of Tordesillas-
Voyages to the Americas (cont.)
• Columbus discovered new territories for Spain
• Venetian John Cabot –
• Florentine Amerigo Vespucci –
• America: (after Amerigo)
The Spanish Empire
• Conquistadors
• By 1550, Spain controlled northern Mexico. 
• Francisco Pizarro-
• Within 30 years, the western part of Latin
Americawas under Spanish control.
The Spanish Empire
•Aztecs-
•Tenochtitlán, Aztec
Capital city was still
growing when the
Spanish Arrived
The Spanish Empire
•Diego Velásquez•Hernán Cortes•Montezuma-
The Spanish Empire
•Relations deteriorated rapidly. 
•human sacrifices at the Aztec temple. 
•Montezuma is taken a prisoner. 
•Tenochtitlán: Spanish troops had massacred an unarmed crowd
at a religious ceremony.
The Spanish Empire
• system of colonial administration• Indios, or “inhabitants of the Indies”
• Native Americans as laborers
• The Spanish were supposed to protect Native
Americans
The Spanish Empire (cont.)
• Forced labor, starvation, and disease:
• European diseases
• Population of 250,000 when Columbus
arrived.
• 1538, only 500 Native Americans had
survived. 
• Native population dropped from 25 million to
1 million.
Economic Impact and Competition
• Europeans sought silver and gold
• “longed and lusted for gold. Their bodies
swelled with greed; they hungered like pigs
for that gold.” 
Economic Impact and Competition
• sugar, cotton, vanilla, and livestock
• Native agricultural products were shipped to
Europe. 
• Columbian Exchange-
Economic Impact and Competition
• 16th Century- Philippine Islands.
• Discovered by Ferdinand Magellan for
Spain in 1520. 
Economic Impact and Competition
• 17th Century
• English established trade• Trade with Southeast Asia followed.
• The Dutch (1595)• West India Trading Company.
• New Netherlands was in modern New York.
Economic Impact and Competition
• France’s North American Empire (only 65,000
by 1760)
• 1606: England’s first colony, Jamestown is
founded. (7 out of every 10 die!!!)
• 1620: The Pilgrims found a 2nd English colony,
Plymouth
• 1628: The Puritans establish Massachusetts
Bay Colony
Economic Impact and Competition
• End of the Dutch commercial enterprise in the
Americas. 
• By 1700: England establishes a colonial
empire
• Colony-
Economic Impact and Competition
• Mercantilism• Money = PowerAccording
• balance of trade–
The Slave Trade
• In the 15th Century the primary market for
African slaves was Southwest Asia: Used as
domestic servants. 
• Some European countries also had slaves, used
as servants for wealthy families. 
• Supply and Demand… Natives were dying
from the “white man’s diseases”
• Sugar Cane Plantations (large agricultural
estates) in Brazil and the Caribbean Islands
increased the demanded for a labor intensive
work force.
The Slave Trade (cont.)
• A Spanish ship carried the first boatload of
African slaves to the Americas in 1518. 
• triangular trade-
The Slave Trade
• European merchants carried goods to Africa,
where they traded for slaves. 
• tobacco, molasses, sugar, and cotton
•
An estimated 275,000
African slaves
• Over a million were shipped in the
seventeenth century
• six million in the eighteenth century.
• Up to ten million slaves
.
The Slave Trade
• Middle Passage-
• Many of those who survived died of diseases
after arriving.
The Slave Trade
• Most slaves in Africa were war captives. 
• Europeans bought slaves in return for guns,
gold, and other European goods. 
• impact of the slave trade on
African societies.
The Slave Trade
• 1526, King Afonso of Congo-
• Some local rulers profited from the slave trade
• Pressure increased local warfare as different
traders and rulers competed with each other
and raided neighbors for slaves.
The Slave Trade
“From us they have learned strife,
quarreling, drunkenness, trickery, theft,
unbridled desire for what is not one’s own,
misdeeds unknown to them before, and the
accursed lust for gold.”
The Slave Trade
• Benin- devastated by the slave trade.
• people lost
faith in their gods,
their art
deteriorated,
and human sacrifice
increased. 
• Benin became brutal and corrupt. 
Political and Social Structures
• Ashanti on the Gold Coast• The king had an exquisite
golden stool
• Ibo of Eastern Nigeria-
Political and Social Structures (cont.)
•Religious impact was from Islam.
•North Africa and spread
southward into the states of
West Africa.
•Christianity was established
only in South Africa and
Ethiopia.
Emerging Mainland
SectionStates
3
• In 1500, Southeast Asia
• Kingdoms with their own ethnic, linguistic,
and cultural characteristics were formed.
• Conflict eventually erupts:
Emerging Mainland States
• Muslim merchants and Malay
• 15th Century, new sultanate at Melaka. 
• Melaka soon becomes the leading power in the
region.
The Arrival of Europeans
• 1511: the Portuguese• The success of gunpowder
• “gunpowder empires.”
The Arrival of Europeans
• The Portuguese - Spice Islands.
• Early 1600s, the Dutch push the Portuguese
out of the spice trade. Eventually the English
to. 
• The English had one
port on the coast of
Sumatra.
The Arrival of Europeans
• mainland states:
including Thailand, Burma and Vietnam.
• By the mid 17th Century, Europeans began to
take sides in local politics. 
• Economic opportunities were limited, and many
Europeans pulled out.
Religious and Political Systems
• Buddhism was advancing in the mainland and
became dominant from Burma to Vietnam. 
• Buddhist, Javanese, Islamic, and Vietnamese.
Religious and Political Systems
• The Buddhist style
• The king was considered superior to other
human beings: link between human society
and the universe.
• Javanese kingship was rooted in Indian
political traditions.
Religious and Political Systems
• Islamic sultans: viewed as mortal with special
qualities
• defenders of the faith
• bureaucracy–
• The Vietnamese emperor ruled by Confucian
principles.
• A mortal appointed by Heaven to rule because
of his virtue. He was an intermediary between
Heaven and Earth.
Chapter Summary
Listed below are the major European explorers of
the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. Marco Polo
is the one explorer listed who predates the Age of
Exploration.
The demand for labor increased
because the need for labor
increased.
The demand for slaves
led to corruption and
depopulation.
African leaders used
guns obtained by
trading slaves to raid
neighboring
peoples.
Map Charts 2