Transcript ACP

ACP Sugar Research Programme
(RPR/009/07) EDF9
• Programme goal: ‘To enhance the capability of the
sugar industries in ACP countries to make the
transition to (and exploit the opportunities of) a more
open and less protected sugar market.’
René Ng Kee Kwong
April 2012
Mauritius - Situation to date
 8 projects
 Ongoing as planned
Submitted January 2012
Submitted August 2011
Themes :
• The 8 proposals fall under 3 themes, namely
- Sugar cane breeding
- Agricultural practices in sugar cane
production
- Sugar cane processing and products
ACP Sugar Research Programme
Project 1.2 Increasing sugar productivity through
the development of high sucrose and
early-ripening genotypes
Purpose :
Development of early-ripening and high
sucrose varieties
ACP Sugar Research Programme
Approach :

Develop and validate the methodology for
characterization of early-ripening/high sucrose
genotypes.

Identify molecular markers linked to earliness of
ripening and high sucrose as a tool for markerassisted selection.

Develop early-ripening and high sucrose sugar
cane genotypes that could be used in the breeding
and selection programmes of the ACP countries
and for commercial exploitation.
Activity 1: To develop and validate methodology of
categorizing the germplasm for sucrose accumulation pattern

Five replicated trials with 10 parent varieties in
three environments established. Harvested at 12
months mid-May (early season), end August (mid
season) and Nov/Dec (late season).

Trial established with 400 parents in replicated
trials at Réduit to screen for sucrose accumulation
pattern at three dates.
Pol and Juice purity range of 200 varieties at three harvest dates
20
100
Pol % Cane
Juice Purity (%)
95
18
90
16
85
14
80
12
75
10
70
8
65
6
60
•
Mid-May
Mid-Aug
Mid-Nov
Harvest
6.5 – 14.3
10.9 – 17.4
11.7 – 18.4
Range
Mid-May
Mid-Aug
65.4 – 85.5 78.4 – 94.6
Mid-Nov
82.1 – 93.3
Very wide diversity existing in germplasm very apparent
Activity 2: Develop genetic maps and identify molecular
markers for use in marker-assisted selection
Determination of genetic distance

Five crosses between parents High Sucrose x Low
made, parents screened with six SSR primers for
their genetic distance.
Activity 2: Develop genetic maps and identify molecular
markers for use in marker-assisted selection
Determination of genetic distance

Five crosses between parents High Sucrose x Low
made, parents screened with six SSR primers for
their genetic distance.
Parental screening with
SSR markers to determine
genetic distance
5 different profiles observed
with 5 parental clones
following genotyping with
one specific SSR primer
Activity 2: Develop genetic maps and identify molecular
markers for use in marker-assisted selection
Determination of genetic distance

Five crosses between parents High Sucrose x Low
made, parents screened with six SSR primers for
their genetic distance.

Most divergent parents identified from cross
CP67412 x M 245/76
High sucrose/Early X low Sucrose/Late cross
& chosen for molecular studies.

477 seedlings planted in field to produce planting
materials for establishing replicated trials in 2013.
Activity 3: Production of an array of improved high sucrose
and early-ripening sugar cane genotypes
Series 1

14 500 seedlings produced from crosses made in
2010 and planted in 2011 in replicated trials (FUEL)
together with 11 control varieties of different
ripening behaviour.

Maintenance of population with on-going cultural
practices.

Population was stubble-shaved in August 2011 to
simulate a 1st ratoon for selection in June 2012.
Activity 3: Production of an array of improved high sucrose
and early-ripening sugar cane genotypes
Series 2

A new set of 15 000 seedlings produced from
crosses made in 2011.

Maintenance of population in nurseries with ongoing cultural practices.

Seedlings will be transplanted (Deep River Beau
Champ) in replicated family trials for evaluation in
2013.
ACP Sugar Research Programme
Project 1.3 International quarantine facility for the
exchange of sugar cane germplasm
among ACP countries
Purpose :
To provide ACP countries with sugar cane plants free
from detectable pathogens in order to safeguard their
industry from potentially damaging diseases
ACP Sugar Research Programme
Approach :

Setting-up of an international quarantine station in
Mauritius, which any member of the ACP countries
can use to facilitate exchange of disease-free
germplasm.

Capacity building of Plant Health Officials from
ACP countries on sugar cane diseases of
quarantine importance.
The quarantine glasshouse to
accommodate imported plants
Glasshouse for growing tissue
cultured disease-free plantlets
A new Plant
Pathology
Laboratory,
attached to the
quarantine
glasshouse for
disease diagnosis,
has been designed.
Equipment was
procured for its
operation.
A tissue culture
laboratory has
been upgraded
and renovated.
It is being
prepared for
disease
elimination and
multiplication of
imported
germplasm.
Training of
MSIRI staff in
molecular
disease
detection by
E Fernandez,
CIRAD (left) was
organized from
17-21 October
2011.
 Contact with ACP countries for using the
facility.
 Development of testing methods and
elimination procedures for diseases of
quarantine importance.
ACP Sugar Research Programme
Project 2.1 Use of biopesticides for the control of
sugar cane white grubs
Purpose :
To find and develop less costly and environment
friendly bio-insecticides to control sugar cane
white grubs by using locally found indigenous
entomopathogens
Participating countries
1. South Africa : S A S R I ; Lowveld Local Pest, Variety
and Disease Control Committee
2. Mauritius: M S I R I
3. Malawi: Sugar Corporation of Malawi
4. Mozambique: APAMO
5. Madagascar: Université d’Antananarivo
6. Swaziland: Swaziland Sugar Association
7. Tanzania: Tanganyika Planting Company Ltd (TPC)
8. Zimbabwe: Zimbabwe Sugar Association Experiment
Station
Field surveys initiated in all countries
• Diseased larvae and adults sent to South
Africa for pathogens isolation and
characterization
Field survey in Mauritius
Field survey in South Africa
Sugar cane stool damaged by
Heteronychus licas at Marora,
Mozambique
Pupae of Heteronychus licas
in Zimbabwe
Pathogens identified by ARC-SGI from cadavers sent by collaborators
Beauveria bassiana (Bals. –Crev.) Vuill.
• South Africa (28 isolates)
Beauveria brongniartii (Sacc.) Petch.
• South Africa (4 isolates)
Metarhizium anisopliae (Metschn.)
• South Africa (7 isolates)
• Mauritius (3 isolates)
• Tanzania (8 isolates)
• Zimbabwe (1 isolate)
Lecanicillium lecanii (Zimm.) Zare & W. Gams
• South Africa (1 isolate)
Paecilomyces lilacinus (Thom) Samson3
• South Africa (1 isolate)
Soil collected from the fields are
baited with the greater wax moth
Galleria melonella for detection
of pathogens. (at TPC, Tanzania)
Field surveys initiated in all countries
• Diseased larvae and adults sent to ARCSGI in South Africa for pathogens
isolation and characterization
• Live larvae and adults sent to
Stellenbosch University for molecular
characterization
Field survey in Mauritius
Field survey in South Africa
Sugar cane stool damaged by
Heteronychus licas at Marora,
Mozambique
Pupae of Heteronychus licas
in Zimbabwe
Neighbour Joining (NJ) tree using mtDNA cox1 for samples from Mauritius (MSIRI)
on the left and from S. Africa on right (Stellenbosch University).
Future work
•
•
•
•
Further field surveys for detection of pathogens
Virulence tests to be carried out
Production of selected isolates for lab and field trials
Molecular and morphological ids to be linked by rearing
of white grubs under quarantine at Stell. Univ.
Dissemination of findings
• Five presentations made at the next SASTA Congress in
South Africa (14 – 18 August 2012) and one at the
International Congress of Entomology in South Korea
(19- 24 August 2012)
ACP Sugar Research Programme
Project 2.2 Regulating phosphorus in sugar cane
to reduce cost of production and
protect fresh water resources in ACP
states
Purpose :
 Better match P inputs with optimum sugar
cane production.
 Control P already present in soil to prevent
loss.
Project 2.2
Regulating phosphorus in sugarcane to reduce cost of
production and protect fresh water resources in ACP states
Activities:
I.
Enlarge scope of current agronomic soil P test to
indicate environmental status of sugarcane soils and
determine an environmental threshold.
II.
Determination of the field site’s vulnerability to erosion
and runoff.
III.
Development of the P index, which will combine the
factors of source and vulnerability to transport to
identify sources of P movement within a watershed.
Data collection in full progress
Completed:
• 20 sites in Mauritius
• 4 sites in Jamaica
• 7 sites in Fiji
Interesting results are emerging
Orthophosphate-P (mg L-1)
0.50
n= 23
0.40
Single extraction with
0.01M CaCl2 can be
used as surrogate for
runoff P in the field
y = 0.3047x + 0.0007
r² = 0.92
0.30
0.20
0.10
0.00
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
0.01M CaCl2-P (mg kg-1)
1.00
Agronomic soil P test also suitable as an environmental test
Agronomic perspective
OPTIMUM
100
80
UNSOUND
40
60
ACCEPTABLE
80
100
120
140
160
SOUND
180
200
UNACCEPTABLE
145 160
OPTIMUM
Environment viewpoint
220
Soil P level
(mg kg-1)
Dissemination of results
Presentation at conference
MARDAMOOTOO, T, NG KEE KWONG, K F, Du Preez, C C (2011). Evolution of
the agronomic and environmental phosphorus status of soils in Mauritius after
a seven year sugarcane crop cycle. Proceedings of the International Sugar
Conference IS2011. New Delhi, India, November 21-25, 2011. 31-38.
Publication under review
MARDAMOOTOO, T, NG KEE KWONG, K F, Du Preez, C C . Assessing
environmental phosphorus status of soils in Mauritius following long-term
phosphorus fertilisation of sugarcane.
Way forward
Development of a phosphorus index
as a tool for extension officers and
farmers to identify fields with risk of
P loss from sugar cane fields.
ACP Sugar Research Programme
Project 2.4 Efficient conjunctive use of water for
sustainable sugar cane production
Purpose :
To produce an easy-to-use irrigation management
tool for farmers and researchers ACP countries.
This tool will enable farmers and researchers to
enhance water use efficiency and to improve
profitability by reducing costs
Project 2.4 Efficient conjunctive use of water for
sustainable sugar production
(Creation of a user-friendly irrigation management tool
for ACP countries)
1. Survey to evaluate current irrigation water
management in sugar estates of Mauritius completed
& data compiled.
2. Concept and mathematical models to be used in
software have been devised.
3. Field calibration of all models completed.
Project 2.4
Efficient conjunctive use of water for
sustainable sugar production
(Creation of a user-friendly irrigation management tool
for ACP countries)
4. Software is currently being developed and a
prototype is expected to be ready by August.
Project 2.4
Efficient conjunctive use of water for
sustainable sugar production
(Creation of a user-friendly irrigation management tool
for ACP countries)
5. Three ACP partners earmarked for project have
confirmed their participation:
 Sucrivoire (Côte d’Ivoire)
 TPC (Tanzania)
 Tongaat Hulett (Swaziland).
Discussions under way to start data collection in ACP
partner countries.
6. Before dissemination the software to other ACP
countries, a training programme with at least 15
participants from 10 ACP countries is earmarked.
ACP Sugar Research Programme
Project 3.2 Efficient use of energy resources in
cane processing
Purpose :
Enhance the competitiveness of sugar cane
factories through efficient use of energy in cane
processing
Activities
• Understanding the actual energy situation,
creating awareness on the benefits of efficient
energy use and identifying training needs in ACP
countries.
• Training and site visits of ACP staffs to the
Mauritian sugarcane industry.
Activity 1
Teams of 2 consultants visited 11 ACP countries with the objectives:•
•
•
•
Create Awareness
Gauge the energy situation
On-site recommendations
Identify training needs
In Parallel
• Development of software
11 Countries visited
Jamaica, Guyana, Tanzania, Burkina-Faso, Burundi, Fiji,
Uganda, Cameroon, Rwanda, Zambia, Madagascar
Activity 2
Training activities
• 40 ACP staffs from 10 countries visited Mauritius – 3 Groups
(2 English + 1 French)
• Academic training and site visits provided
Outcome
• This Capacity Building project has enabled ACP staffs to
identify energy development opportunities in their
factories through energy audit activities.
• Depending on local context and availability of
resources, factories can now be in a position to be selfsufficient or to generate electricity for export.
• An environment congenial for promoting cooperation
and knowledge sharing among ACP countries.
Future Work
• Site visits to support ACP sugar factories for energy assessment
activities and identification of development opportunities (if requested)
ACP Sugar Research Programme
Project 3.3 Technology development for disposal
of vinasse by incineration
Purpose :
Enhance the competitiveness of sugar cane
factories in ACP countries by enabling them to
dispose of vinasse generated in the production of
ethanol in a sustainable manner. It will be
achieved by investigation and developing a
technology for vinasse incineration
SAG (2011) recommended Desktop Study
Desktop Study – Main findings

Vinasse incineration is the only technology that can provide a zero liquid discharge.

Impact of vinasse when incinerated in boilers
 Fouling on heat transfer surfaces – need of special boilers (more expensive).

Vinasse treatment prior incineration and possible advantages
 Conditioning can minimize impact on fouling problems
 It may be incinerated in existing commercial boilers

Different concepts are being developed but none seems to standout




Methanation or not, prior incineration
Incineration after vinasse concentration - Minimum dryness required, unclear
The type of support fuel and the right mix unknown
Vinasse injection technology for burning - Spray nozzle technology under test
 The Way Forward
 Identify the right technology or their combination prior incineration Methanation, Membrane filtration, (VSEP) Demineralization, Spray drying
and the right mix of supporting fuel
 Emphasis on demineralization and by-products like fertilizer
ACP Sugar Research Programme
Project 3.4 Production of poly 3hydroxyalkanoates (Bioplastic) from
sugar cane biomass
Purpose :
Feasibility of converting unused/cheap carbon
sources from sugar cane into bioplastic by
bacterial transformation in an economical way.
In this way the revenue base of the sugar cane
sector in ACP countries can be diversified and
expanded
March 2011: Scientific Advisory Group (SAG)
recommended a desktop study on the use of vinasse as a
potential raw material for the production of bio-plastics.
Key findings from desktop study:
 Low PHA productivity potential of vinasse - its use in a
stand-alone PHA production plant unlikely to be feasible.
 Vinasse be considered as part of a process integrated
into a trash-based PHA production plant.
 As much PHA may potentially be obtained from sugarcane
trash on a per hectare basis as from bagasse
Production (kg
Feedstock
cane)
Sugarcane trash
150 (d.m.)
Bagasse
310 @ 50%
moisture
t-1
Estimated PHA
yield (kg ha-1)
2000
2090
Vinasse
84 L
45
Sucrose
100
2640
Project reformulated to take into account the conclusion
of desktop study .
ACP Sugar Research Programme
Project 3.4. Production of bioplastics from sugarcane biomass
(cont.)
• The bioplastic lab has now been set up after
refurbishment of existing facilities. Equipment
needed identified, open international tender
launched for their procurement, tenders received
(6 in all) evaluated, best economically acceptable
offer retained, orders have been placed and
delivery now awaited.
• Characterisation of trash as well as vinasse
initiated as well as isolation, purification and
identification of potential PHA producing bacteria
from different origins.
Expected outcome of programme
1.
The development of new sugar cane varieties that
are better adapted to future needs of the sugar
industry in ACP countries.
2.
The costs and environmental stress of sugar cane
production reduced.
3.
Losses in sugar cane processing reduced and
revenues from by-products such as electricity and
ethanol increased.
4.
Collaboration between ACP sugar cane research
institutes and service organizations intensified and
research results and experiences more widely
shared.
Thank you
for your attention
ACP Sugar Cane Research Programme
8 Projects led by Mauritius
Projects
Participating countries
Budget (€)
Increase sugar cane productivity with
‘high sucrose and early ripening’
genotypes
Fiji, Barbados, South Africa,
Kenya, Tanzania, Ivory Coast,
Madagascar, Swaziland
935 650
International quarantine facility for the
exchange of sugar cane germplasm
Facilities available to all ACP
countries
918 510
Use of bio-pesticides for the control of
sugar cane white grubs
South Africa, Mauritius,
Swaziland, Tanzania, Malawi,
Mozambique, Zimbabwe,
Madagascar
1 105 200
Optimizing phosphorus in sugar cane
Fiji, Jamaica
534 360
ACP Sugar Cane Research Programme
8 Projects led by Mauritius (cont.)
Projects
Participating countries
Budget (€)
Assist sugar-producing ACP countries
to make efficient use of energy
resources in sugar cane processing
Jamaica, Guyana, Tanzania,
Burkina Faso, Burundi, Fiji,
Uganda, Cameroon, Rwanda,
Zambia, Madagascar
706 528
Efficient conjunctive use of water for
sustainable sugar cane production
Ivory Coast, Tanzania,
Swaziland
334 275
Technology development for vinasse
disposal by incineration
Technology available to all
ACP countries
379 330
Production of bioplastics from sugar
cane biomass
Technology available to all
ACP countries
934 500
Pol % cane of different variety types at early, mid and late season
(%)
18
M 2343/77
(High Sucrose)
16
14
M 937/77
(Low Sucrose)
12
CP 721210
10 (Early)
8
6
4
2
R 570
(Late)
0
H1
(mid-May)
H2
(mid-Aug)
H3
(3rd wk Oct)
4 different
variety types
identified with
very distinct
sucrose
accumulation
patterns and
the early
variety
significantly in
advance
Identify
Recommend
The right
combination of
technologies prior
incineration
Conceptual
Framework toward
Zero Liquid Discharge
ACP Sugar Research Programme
Activities to be initiated






Compare vinasse incineration with alternative
ways to dispose it.
Characterization of vinasse and Concentrate
Molasse Stillage.
Determine optimum combustion parameters of
vinasse and blended CMS.
Investigate methods for vinasse conditioning prior
incineration.
Investigate incinerator designs for CMS.
Design a ‘Vinasse Conditioner’ drier.
ACP Sugar Research Programme
Activities (Year 1) – cont.
In progress




Screening and selection of the pathogen isolates;
laboratory bioassays.
Collection and despatch of live fungal material to
SANCF.
SANCF to initiate compilation of international
database on indigenous entomopathogenic fungi
received from participating countries.
Provide pathogen-host links.
 As much PHA may potentially be obtained from sugarcane
trash on a per hectare basis as from bagasse
Production (kg
Feedstock
cane)
Sugarcane trash
150 (d.m.)
Bagasse
310 @ 50%
moisture
t-1
Estimated PHA
yield (kg ha-1)
2000
2090
Vinasse
84 L
45
Sucrose
100
2640