Transcript KC-135 DATALINK TRAINING COURSE

KC-135
Data Link
Training
Course
Approved by: AMC/A3TK
Effective Date: 16 Apr 07
Version: 2.0
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What is Data Link?
 Think Of It as, Text Messaging With Controllers

Advantages?
Clear Communications
 No Language “Issues”
 Direct Line to Controller
 Better Surveillance
 Automatic Position Reporting

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Acronyms
ACARS – Aircraft Communications
Addressing And Reporting System
(Character-Based)
ADS – Automatic Dependent Surveillance
ATS – Air Traffic Service
AFN – ATS Facilities Notification
AOC – Airline Operational Control
ATSU – Air Traffic Services Unit
CDA – Current Data Authority
CMU – Communications Management Unit
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More Acronyms
CPDLC – Controller Pilot Data Link
Communications
D-ATIS – Digital ATIS
FANS-1/A – Future Air Navigation System
FOM – FANS-1/A Operations Manual
IMFD – Interactive Multi-function Display
HFDL – HF Data Link
NDA – Next Data Authority
OOOI – Out, Off, On, In
SATCOM – Satellite Communication
VDL – VHF Data Link
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GATM Components
Category
C
N
S
Communication
Digital Radios to Handle
Reduced Channel Spacing
and Datalink
Navigation
Better Horizontal/Vertical
Position Accuracy to
Enable Reduced
Separation
Surveillance
Enhanced Situational
Awareness, Collision
Avoidance, Automatic
Position Reporting
Components
•8.33 Radios
•SATCOM/HF/VHF
•CPDLC
•RNP – 30 vs. 100 NM
•RVSM – 1000 vs. 2000 ft
•FM Immunity
•ADS
Goal
A
T
M
Air Traffic
Management
Transition from ATC
to ATM With the
Ultimate Goal of
Free Flight
•Mode S
•TCAS
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Applications

Controller Pilot Data Link Communications
(CPDLC)
Air Traffic Service (ATS) Facilities Notification (AFN) Logon
Automatic Dependent Surveillance (ADS)



Airline Operational Control (AOC)
Air Traffic Services (ATS) – D-ATIS, Oceanic
Clearance
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Applications
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Flight Planning
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Where to Look?
 Guidance And Procedures In Civilian
Operating Manuals
 FANS-1/A Operations Manual (FOM)
 Guidance Material for ATS in NAT Airspace
 Area Planning Documents
 Regional AIPs
 NOTAMs
Centers Upgrading ALL the time! CPDLC?
ADS? First Call Procedures?
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NOTAMS webpage
https://www.notams.jcs.mil/USAFdownloads.html
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FAA Oceanic Procedures Branch
http://www.faa.gov/ats/ato/data_link.htm
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Flight Plan Guidance
 SEE GP Chapter 4
 RWXYJ IDKLOT HUV/PD (B40)
 RWXYJ IDKLOT HUV/SD (B40.2)
 P – Mode S Including PA, But No ID
 S – Mose S and Aircraft ID
 D – ADS Capability
 J – Datalink, K – MLS Equipment
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1801 Flight Plan
RWXYJ IDKLOT HUV/SD
DAT/ SHV
REG/ 80093S
SEL/ JMQR
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AFN Logon
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Initiating Datalink

AFN Logon




Normally 15-45 Minutes Before Airspace
Entry
Required for a CDA To Be Established
Does Not Establish Your Current Data
Authority (CDA)
Can Also Be Done “Automatically” Via
Address Forwarding
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AFN Logon Failure
Wrong Center Name (KZAK vs. KZOA)
 Flight ID Does Not Match Call Sign
 1801 REG Does Not Match APM Number



For KC-135: Last Digit Of Year Plus Last Four
Of Tail Number Plus An S (i.e. 80093S for tail
Number 58-0093 or 44835S of 64-14835)
If You Change Aircraft: Call Dispatch To Change
On 1801 (AFN) And Tell Command Post To
Change C2IPS (AOC)
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FIR Entry
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Prior to Entering Airspace

Get Organized!

IMFD / CDU Displays



Flight Plan Log (Rounds Time)
SELCAL Page
CPDLC Position Report Page (truncates time)
Compulsory / Non-compulsory Points
 Don’t Access Position Report Early


Reported Point In The Position Report Is The
Last Waypoint Sequenced By The FMS
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AFN Logon
 AFN LOGON: Accepted By
KZAK (Oakland) When
Near FIR. No New
Operator Input Required
 CPDLC: CDA is KZAK
(CPDLC Enabled)
 DISCONNECT Prompt for
CPDLC Available
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Oceanic Entry / FIR Crossing

Non-NAT - After Entering Oceanic
Airspace or Crossing FIR Boundary:

Send a CPDLC Position report – FIRST!


Informs ATSU That They Are The CDA
HF Call With SELCAL Address And
Stating That You Are Data Link Equipped

Oakland Example: “Beak 96, CPDLC, Origin
KSKA, Destination YBBN, Request SELCAL
Check on JMQR”
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Oceanic Entry / FIR Crossing

NAT- After Entering Oceanic Airspace Or
Crossing FIR Boundary:




DO NOT Send a CPDLC Position Report
HF Call With a CDA and ADS Contract - “RCH XXX, C-PD-L-C, Shanwick Next*, Request SELCAL Check XXXX”
HF Call ADS Contract Only - “RCH XXX, A-D-S, SCROD
VALIE*, Request SELCAL Check XXXX”
Continue to Add CPDLC or ADS After Call Sign on HF
* If flight will exit current FIR into oceanic airspace, include the name of
the next FIR. If exiting into domestic airspace, include track name if
on the organized track system or last two fixes in the cleared route of
flight if not on the OTS.
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CPDLC Position Report
 Replaces HF Position Report
 Course Offsets And/Or Block Altitudes Will
Not Be Reflected On Position Reports
 Do Not Use Page 3 To Attach Free Text
 Controllers Don’t Normally Access
 Do Not Send A Separate Free Text
 Controllers Expect You To Adhere To Previous
Clearance Until You Report Otherwise
 No Feedback - Controller Will Not Respond
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CPDLC Position Report
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CPDLC Position Report
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CPDLC Position Report
 Can You Break Down This
Message To Determine:
 Reported Position?
 Next Position?
 Next + 1 Position?
 Anything Else Here?
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CPDLC Data Authority

Only TWO Connections Possible

Current Data Authority (CDA)
You’re In Their Airspace
 Has Exclusive Communication


Next Data Authority (NDA)
Determined by CDA
 No Communications Capability
 Usually The Next FIR You Will Be Entering

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Address Forwarding



Also Referred To As, “AFN LOGON
Triggered By Address Forwarding”
Failure To Close All Uplink Messages
Will Cause A Termination Of Both CDA
And NDA Connections
Downlink Messages Do Not Affect The
Transfer Process
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Address Forwarding
Process is AUTOMATIC – Usually
 CDA Will Send An END SERVICE
Message To Aircraft
 If END SERVICE msg Failed You Will
Need to DISCONNECT From CDA
 If No NDA Appears, A Manual LOGON
To The Next Center Will Be Required
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Address Forwarding
 AFN LOGON:
Forwarding in Progress
 CPDLC: CDA and NDA
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Address Forwarding
 AFN LOGON:
Accepted by Tokyo
 CPDLC: No Change to
CDA and NDA
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Address Forwarding
 CONTACT Message
Combined With END
SERVICE Message
 Most Common
 CDA Disconnects And
NDA Becomes CDA
Upon Downlink Of
WILCO Response
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Address Forwarding
 AFN LOGON: Accepted
by Tokyo
 Note 7-Letter ATSU
Identifier
 CPDLC: NDA Has
Become CDA
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CPDLC Basics
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CPDLC Terminology







WILCO – Instruction Understood And Will Be Complied With
UNABLE – Instruction Cannot Be Complied With
STANDBY – Wait For A Reply, Short-term Delay
(<10 min)
REQUEST DEFFERED – Request Received But Deferred,
long-term delay (>10 minutes)
ROGER – Message Received And Understood
Only Correct Response To Free Text Uplink
AFFIRM – Yes
NEGATIVE – No
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CPDLC

Standard set of messages

Consist of Elements and Variables



Most Messages Open a Dialogue


“CLIMB TO AND MAINTAIN FL360”
“CLIMB TO REACH FL340 BY 0300”
Messages Are Linked If A Response Is Required
Message Exchange Between ATS and
Aircraft Involves Message # and Variable
Value
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CPCLC


Messages are “Open” until “Closed” by
Appropriate Response…System Knows!
Pilot Responses: Three levels



WILCO or UNABLE For Clearance Changes
AFFIRM or NEGATIVE For Inquiries
ROGER For Information Requiring A Response
“Message Received”
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CPDLC Message Log
 ACCEPTED and CLOSED
Signify “Closed”
Messages
 CONN ENDED Results
From Termination of
CDA With Open
DOWNLINK Message
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CPDLC Dialogue

If A Message Has Multiple Elements That
Require A Different Response, Highest
Order Response Will Close Message

Example: Descend To And Maintain FL220,
Report Level FL220



Descent Requires: WILCO
Report Level Requires: ROGER
WILCO Will Close Message And The ‘System’
Will Display WILCO or UNABLE Only
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CPDLC Dialogue

Do Not Send Multiple Request Message
After Receipt Of A STANDBY Uplink


Use “WHEN CAN WE EXPECT _____”
Close All Identical Messages, If Applicable
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CPDLC Uplink Example
 “CLIMB TO AND MAINTAIN FL330” Opens
Dialogue (Clearance)
 STANDBY, WILCO or UNABLE Are Selectable
 If Pilot Chooses STANDBY – Dialogue Remains
Open…
 “WILCO” – Dialogue Closed, Pilot Begins Climb
 “EXPECT CLIMB AT WALZA” Opens Dialogue
(Information)
ROGER Displayed on MCDU
 “ROGER”– Dialogue Closed
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Route Clearances
 REQUEST DIRECT TO [position]
 Present Position To Specified Position
 REQUEST [route clearance]
 Amendment To Current Clearance
 REQUEST CLEARANCE
 Request For Pre-departure Or Route Clearance
 Clearance Will Load In Alternate Flight Plan
Before Allowing You To “Execute” To Active
Flight Plan
 Print Out Route Clearances To Ensure You See
The Whole Clearance!!
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Route Clearances
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CPDLC Requests

Avoid multi-element requests

“Request climb to FL350 and request direct
HUMOR” Responses easily confused –
stick to standard message sets!
Answer all messages in a timely manner



Respond with “roger” to all free text uplinks
before composing response message
Uplinks MUST be closed prior to FIR
transition or…
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CPDLC

Do Not Rename Waypoints In The FMS


Customized Names Will Replace Original
Point Description In Downlinked Reports
Technique: Use Alternate Flightplan With
Overlay For User-defined Points
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CPDLC Free Text
 Why not just use FREE TEXT ??
 No Dialogue established, No Required
Response From ATC, No Linked
Response Available To Controller
 Time Intensive – Type Manually
(Typos), Send, Read By ATC, Type An
Answer, Send To Airplane, Pilot Reads
 Language (e.g. Korean Airlines Pilot
Typing in English???)
 Interpretation by ATC
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CPDLC Free Text
 Should Only Be Used When There Is No
Other Available Message Option
 Use Standardized Free Text When Able
 WAKE DEV [direction]
 REVISED ETA [position]
 Reference Regional Operating Manuals
For Additional Guidance
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AR Clearances
 See Sample Messages In AMC Enabling
Concept
 Uses Standard Message Set With Free Text
Elements, Where Possible
 Still Not Pre-coordinated With Most ATSUs
 ATSUs Responding With Free Text
 AFFSA Working To Have Them Accepted
As Standardized Free Text In The FANS-1/A
Message set
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CPDLC Summary
 Use The Message Set Correctly
 Limit Use Of Free Text – Ensure There Is No
Appropriate Message In Message Set
 Read All Parts/Pages Of Messages
 Received Messages May Be More Than 1 pg.
 Sent Messages May Be More Than 1 Page (i.e.
Position Report)
 Print Out Route Clearances
 Ensure You Understand All Parts Of Message –
Your Transmit Button Still Works
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ADS Operations
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ADS



Surveillance – Information Sent From
Aircraft Without Pilot Involvement
ADS Armed When Power Applied
Each Center Establishes Their Own
Contract

You Can See If A Contract Has Been
Established With You (Unlike Many
Commercial Aircraft).
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ADS

Three Types Of Contracts:

Periodic – Every XXX Seconds
Set By Controller
 Can Be Modified
 May see 0/0 = No Periodic Requested



Event – Waypoint Change (Next Or
Next+1), Climb, Descent Or Other Certain
Events Occur
Demand – When Desired
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ADS Status
ADS Connection
 1 With Tokyo
 Periodic – Every 320
sec (5 min 20 seconds)
 Event – Yes, but you
don’t know what kind
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ADS





Altering flight plan (next or next+1) sends
out a Waypoint Change Event report
Reports update flight plan info at ATSU
Used for conformance monitoring
ADS Emer can only be turned on by pilot
No restriction on non-compulsory
reporting points in flightplan
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CPDLC Emergency
Operations
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CPDLC Emergency
 CPDLC “MAYDAY” Message Automatically
Places The CPDLC And The ADS
Functionality Into Emergency Mode
 The Crew Can Also Select ADS Emergency
Mode Independently of CPDLC
 Emergency Mode Can Only Be Initiated by
The Crew And Can Only Be Cancelled by
The Crew
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CPDLC Emergency
 Mayday or Pan Messages Do Not Require
a Response
 Most ATSUs Will Respond To Confirm
Situation And Provide Positive Feedback To
The Crew
 ATSU Will Attempt To Send An “ON
DEMAND” Contract And Increase Periodic
Contract Reporting Rate
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System Malfunctions
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CPDLC Problems
 IN ALL CASES, If You Have A Problem/
Emergency And Need Immediate
Resolution, Contact The ATSU by ANY
Means Available
 If the CPDLC Connection is lost
 “NO ATC COMM” Will Be Displayed
 Lose CDA
 Attempt Re-logon to ATSU
 May Need To Call The ATSU To Have Them Log
You Off Their System, If Unable to Re-logon
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CPDLC Problems
 A <<no dl comm>> Annunciation Indicates
Loss of data link communications
 BE PATIENT. SATCOM Should Reconnect
Within A Short Period Of Time And <<dl
comm avail>> Annunciation Will Be Displayed
 You Should Not Lose The Established CDA or
ADS Contract(s)
 Revert To Voice If Unable To Regain Data
Link Connectivity
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Operational Considerations
 Data Link Opens Up Your Active Flight Plan
And Aircraft Parameters To Hackers Any
Time Power Is On The Aircraft And DL:ON
Is Selected
 Turning Off the ADS Closes the Door
Slightly
 TACC Has The Capability To Pull
Information From Your System Without Your
Knowledge
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Operational Considerations
 Turning DL:OFF Will Shut Down VDL, SATCOM
(Including Voice), And HFDL
 NO LINK On All Media, Squitters Off
 Need To Manage Active Flight Plan When Flying
Missions With Unclassified And Classified Legs
On The Same Sortie
 Consider Pulling CMU 1 & 2 Circuit Breakers to
Disable Data Link, But Leave SATCOM
available (DL:ON)
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Error Reporting

Used To Collect Data On Specific Observations
Confusion About a Clearance
 Inappropriate Use Of Abbreviations/Acronyms
 Any Other Abnormal Event/Observation


What To Include In The Report


Date, Time, FIR, Detailed Description
Error Report in AMC Datalink Concept of
Employment (CONEMP)

All AMC reports submitted to TACC
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Flight Situation 1
SCENARIO




Call Sign – Astra 13
Tail number – 57-1435
Reg number – 71435S
You Are 30 Minutes Out From
Entering Oakland FIR (KZAK)
QUESTIONS
1. What Do You Enter In The Logon To Field?
KZAK
2. What Goes In The FLT ID Field?
Your call sign – ASTRA 13
3. What Happens After Both Fields Are Populated?
The SEND LOGON Prompt Appears at VLSK 2L
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Flight Situation 2
SCENARIO
You Are In The Oakland FIR (CPDLC-only)
And Approaching The Tahiti FIR (NTTT)
Note: Tahiti Has Both CPDLC and ADS
QUESTIONS
1. What Do You Expect To See As You
Approach The Fir Boundary?
a. AFN Logon By Address Forwarding To
PPTCDYA
b. NDA Field Will Populate With NTTT
2. What Do You Do After Boundary Crossing?
Standard FIR entry procedures: CPDLC
position report and SELCAL check
3. What Actions Will You Take In Airspace?
None, Assuming Tahiti Accepts ADS Reports
In Lieu Of CPDLC Position Reporting
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Data Link
Training
Course End
Approved by: AMC/A3TK
Effective Date: 23 Apr 07
Questions: Contact OPR
Maj Schroeder, DSN 779-3645
GATM
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