Transcript Leisure, Sport and Tourism: Politics, Policy and Planning

Leisure, Sport and
Tourism: Politics,
Policy and Planning
A.J. Veal
Chapter 14 Policy
and Planning in
Particular Sectors
CONTENTS
• Introduction:
– Rationales
– Measurement of participation
•
•
•
•
•
Sport and other forms of physical recreation
The arts and entertainment
Outdoor recreation – natural areas
Urban outdoor recreation
Tourism
INTRODUCTION
• Each sector to be discussed under:
– scope
– rationale and policy goals
– measurement of participation
– institutional factors
– planning
Rationales compared: Multiple goals in public
leisure policy (Table 14.1)
Excellence goal
Description
Associated professionals/
performers
Sport/physical recreation High levels of sport
performance
Coaches, professional and/or elite
athletes
Arts/heritage/
entertainment
a. Artists, performers, directors,
producers
b. Curators, archaeologists
a. Excellence in the arts
b. Heritage conservation
O/D recreation – natural Conservation of flora/fauna Biologists, ecologists
O/D recreation - urban
Tourism
Horticultural excellence
Horticulturalists
Any of the above may impinge, but main
emphasis on participation goal
Rationales compared: Multiple goals in public
leisure policy (Table 14.1)
Participation goal
Description
Associated professionals/
performers
Sport/physical recreation Grassroots 'Sport for All'
Public sports facility managers
Arts and entertainment
a. Audiences
a. Facility managers/marketers
b. Visitors
b. Facility managers/marketers
c. Amateur participation
c. Community arts workers
O/D recreation – natural Public access
Natural area/facility managers
O/D recreation - urban
Public recreation
Urban park managers
Tourism
Tourist numbers/ income
Tourism managers/ marketers
Measurement – data sources – surveys: England (Table 14.2)
England
Survey
Sport/Physical
recreation
Arts
Active People surevy
Active People
survey
Sport England
Organisation
Frequency
conducted
Annual, continuous
Sample size
190,000, continuous
(min. 500 for each local authority)
Outdoor
recreation –
natural areas
England Leisure
Visits Survey
Natural England
a. International
Passenger Survey
a. ONS
Last: 2005
Annual
23500
250,000
Age-range
16+
16+
Participation
data
In last 4 wks: part’n in
sport/active recreation
to specified level +
individual activities
Socio-demographic data
Yes
In last year: visits to All one-day leisure
library, museum/
trips, urban and
gallery, any arts
rural.
venue + actual partn
in arts activity.
Yes
Yes
Tourism
16+
Includes o/seas visitors
to UK + UK residents'
o/seas trips: nights,
destination, exp. etc.
Yes
Measurement – data sources – surveys: Australia (Table 14.2)
O/D rec. –
Tourism
natural areas
Survey
Attendance at No known
a. International Visitor
Cultural Venues official survey. Survey
and Events
b. National Visitor
Survey
Organisation Standing Committee Aust. Bureau of
Tourism Research
on Recreation & Sport Statistics
Australia
Frequency
Annual, quarterly
5-yearly (last in
Annual, continuous
conducted
2006), quarterly
Sample size
14000
13000
a. 40,000 b.120,000
Australia
Sport/Physical
recreation
Exercise, Recreation
& Sport Survey
(ERASS)
Arts
Age-range
Participation
data
16+
16+
In last year: participation In last year: visits
in ERAS and individual
to list of
activities; in last 2 weeks: venue/event types.
in ERAS to specified level
Socio-demo- Yes
graphic data
Yes
15+
a. Nights spent in Aust.;
travel arrngmnts; reasons;
places; info.; exp. b.
Residents' recent travel:
day trips, o/night stays +
o’seas travel.
Yes
SPORT & OTHER FORMS OF PHYSICAL RECREATION
• Scope:
– Sport: competitive/challenging physical activity, ranging
from informal to highly formal
– Other physical recreation: eg. walking, non-competitive
cycling or water-based recreation
• Australian term: ‘activity for exercise, recreation and
sport’ (ERAS)
• UK term: ‘sport and active recreation’ (Active People
survey)
Sport: policy rationale & goals
• Goals:
– Mass participation: maximise – ‘Sport for All’ campaign
– Elite success: maximise
• Rationale: benefits:
– health
– community cohesiveness and pride
– economic development factors (eg. sport tourism)
• ‘Trickle down effect’: does it work?
Sports participation pyramid (Fig. 14.1)
Elite
National
competition
Local/regional
competition
Mass participation
Sport and selective elitism (Fig. 14.2)
International/
national elite
Regional/
local elite
Mass participation
Sport: measurement of participation
• Traditional measure: % participating at least once in
previous year
• Health-related measure: % participating with at least
minimum frequency, duration and intensity – eg. at
least ‘moderate’ exercise, for at least 30 minutes,
most days.
• NB. Taking account only of health-qualifying activity
will not cater for all demand
Sport: institutional: examples
Sport organisations
Government
Commerce
International
International Federations of Sport
European Union
International multi-sport organisations
(Olympics, Paralympics, C’wealth Games etc.)
World Anti-Doping Agency
Professional sports organisations
National
Multi-national leisure clothing,
media corporations, sport
management agencies,
sponsors.
National governing bodies of sport/ franchises Ministries of Sport
National Olympic and Paralympic Committees Sports commissions
Universities (in USA)
National leisure clothing, media
corporations, sport management agencies, sponsors
State/Provincial/Regional
State/Provincial/Regional sport organisations
State/Provincial
State/Provincial media, sport
governments: ministries of businesses and sponsors
sport and recreation,
sports commissions
Local
Sporting clubs
Local government parks,
sports etc. departments
Local sport businesses and
sponsors.
Sport: planning
• All the approaches discussed in Chapter 7
have been applied.
ARTS AND ENTERTAINMENT
• Scope:
– Arts /entertainment: performing arts, painting,
sculpture, craft activities, literature, architecture
/design, film, TV, radio
• Rationale and goals:
• Public support justified on market failure grounds – see
Ch. 5
• Also: growing significance of the ‘cultural industries’ in the
economy
Arts/entertainment: rationale and goals contd
• Financially profitable sector often classified as
‘entertainment’, publicly subsidised sector seen as
‘the arts’.
• Some interesting differences between the arts and
sport:
– subsidies often aimed at reducing costs for audiences
(spectators) rather than participants.
– ‘amateur’ has a relatively low status in the arts
– there is often disagreement about what is considered
‘excellence’, and between the ‘popular’ and excellence.
Arts/Entertainment: Measuring Participation
• See Table 14.2: UK: some use of Sport
England ‘Active People’ survey
• See also DCMS ‘Taking Part’ survey
• Emphasis given to participation as audience +
some data on amateur participation
Arts/Entertainment: institutional
• NB. Many arts organisations are semi-independent
Quangos (see Ch. 6)
• Some income generated from admissions/box office
• Funding sought from local, state/provincial and
national governments to make up the shortfall
• Often disagreement over whether public finding is to
support mass audiences (‘popular’) or ‘excellence’,
which may mot be popular.
Arts/Entertainment: planning
• Planning for the arts generally ad hoc rather than
systematic
• Planning guidelines often use the terms ‘cultural
planning’ and ‘cultural industries’ with ‘culture’
defined very widely (eg. including sport, media) …
but invariably, in practice, dealing with traditional
arts.
Outdoor recreation: Natural areas
• Scope:
– National parks, country parks, forests, coast,
footpaths and ‘driving for pleasure’/sightseeing
and heritage etc. attractions in rural areas
• Rationale/goals:
– potentially conflicting goals: conservation of the
environment vs recreational access
– but what is ‘natural’?
• See, for example, sheep grazing in National Parks in UK,
and fire-managed outback landscape in Australia
Outdoor recreation: Natural areas contd
• Participation:
– England Leisure Visits survey covers all leisure trips
not including an overnight stay
– No such survey conducted in Australia
• Institutional
– In UK much countryside outdoor recreation takes
place on private property – eg. in large parts of
National Parks and on Public Footpaths
– As with tourism, the population being planned for is,
mostly, not the resident population, but visitors (see
Fig. 1.3d) – giving rise to questions of funding of
provision
Outdoor recreation: Natural areas contd
• Planning:
– Designation and zoning processes – eg. wilderness
areas with limited human access
– Concentration of recreational use in hig-density zones
– In UK: Country Parks, state-owned, designed take
pressure off more sensitive areas, such as National
Parks
– Because most outdoor recreationists are urban
dwellers, there is a need for a regional approach to
planning, covering urban origins and rural
destinations
Urban Outdoor Recreation
• Scope:
– Use of parks, playing fields, playgrounds, squares and plazas
– Provision of urban open space is the largest single public leisure
service expenditure item (see Table 1.3 , including parks and
part of sport)
– Probably also the most heavily used service (see Box 10.2)
• Rationale/goals:
– Urban parks created for recreation
– Some larger parks also play a conservation role and
botanic gardens play a scientific /horticultural role
Urban Outdoor Recreation contd
• Institutional:
– Typically owned/managed by local councils
– But in large cities, sometimes special agencies: eg. London:
Royal Parks Agency; in Australia: Parks Victoria.
• Planning:
– One of the earliest forms of leisure planning, based on
‘open space standards’ – see Ch. 7
– Opportunity for new park provision is often limited in
existing urban areas: the emphasis is then on
management/design to get the most out of existing
provision
Tourism: Scope
• The people for whom tourism planning is undertaken are not
local residents but visitors .
• A trip involving an overnight stay away from home
• Some definitions include day trips
• Leisure trips distinguished from business trips
• International travel is often high profile, but domestic tourism
is generally the larger sector.
• Mass tourism vs specific markets, eg:
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
eco-tourism/nature-based
cultural tourism
meetings, incentives, conventions, events (MICE)
urban tourism
wine tourism
backpacker market
sports tourism
short breaks
Tourism: rationale/goals
• The aim is to maximise the net benefits which
residents obtain from tourism to the area
• Benefits almost exclusively economic – jobs and
incomes
• Costs include costs of infrastructure, congestion and
environmental pressures
• Public sector may a major provider/manager of
attractions – eg. beaches, historic sites
• Social tourism: holidays for relatively deprived
groups in the community – arranged by some welfare
agencies
Tourism contd
• Measurement:
– Customs record international arrivals/departures
– In most countries public bodies fund substantial
domestic and international tourism surveys
• Institutional:
– Promotion of tourism generally in the hands of
private sector and public tourism commissions
– Environmental planning generally the
responsibility of local councils
Tourism contd
• Planning:
• Demand forecasting is a key input
• National/state/provincial tourism agencies often set
tourism numbers/income targets as part of tourism
strategies
• Problems can arise with regard to the capacity of
tourism sites/areas (see Ch. 10)
• A key concept is sustainability – the idea that tourism
should not irreversibly damage the environment,
which is often the prime attraction.