Transcript Chapter 9 – Civilization in Eastern Europe

CHAPTER 9 – CIVILIZATION IN
EASTERN EUROPE
Beard – AP World
BYZANTINE SOCIETY
Bureaucrats from all social classes – regulate trade
and food prices
Large peasant class
Justinian’s Code (Body of Civil Law) based on the
Roman 12 tables. Organized and united the
empire, spreading Roman legal principles in various
parts of Europe.
BYZANTINE POLITICS
Government style – Empire (monarchy) with a
bureaucracy. Imperial authority run by a God-ordained
monarch (similar to Chinese Mandate of Heaven)
Organization of regions- divided into themes (military
districts) and Generals were appointed to rule.
Military – peasants given land for military service (similar
to Rome) It was an efficient military.
JUSTINIAN (RULED 527-565)
Constant attacks by Sassanian Empire in Persia, as well as
Germanic invaders
In 533 borders were reasonably secure -> enter Justinian
Justinian tried to reconquer western territory
Rebuilt Constantinople (today known as Istanbul), built the Hagia
Sophia
Tried to recapture the old Roman Empire and failed.
BYZANTINE INTERACTIONS
Culture borrowed from Greeks, Persians, Romans, Hebrew
Traded with Mediterranean Sea empires, Asia, Russia,
Scandinavia, India, Arabic world (including Northern and
sub-Saharan Africa)
Religion spread to Russia and Slavic people (later split
into Orthodoxy)
BYZANTINE CULTURE
Language – Justinian changed Byzantine language from Latin to
Greek.
Constantinople was the political, commercial, and intellectual
center
Religion – split over worship of icons. 1054- Roman Catholic and
Eastern Orthodox.
Education centered on Hellenism
Distinct byzantine art and architecture – roman domes, religious
mosaics, icon paintings (richly ornamented paintings of saints)
Hagia Sophia, Constantinople
Inside the Hagia Sophia
BYZANTINE ECONOMY
Goods traded – glassware, linen, jewelry, gold,
silver, and silk (silk worms smuggled from China)
Trade occurred on the Mediterranean and on the
Silk Roads
Taxes on peasants
Bureaucrats controlled food prices
SPLIT BETWEEN EASTERN AND WESTERN
CHRISTIANITY
West
East
Roman Catholic
Orthodox
Celibacy for priests
Priests can marry
 Over this issue, as well as an argument over what type of
bread to use in communion led to a split.
 Similarities: close relations with Islamic world, major roles in
world trade, both Christian
DECLINE
Turkish invaders pressed on Byzantine borders(1000-1100)
Seljuks (Turkish troops) seized Asiatic provinces, thus
controlling the economy (cut off trade with Eastern world)
New, independent Slavic empires showed weakened power
Eastern emperors asked for help from Western leaders, but
they did not help.
Italian cities gained advantages in Constantinople, shifting
power to the West.
REVIEW:
Justinian’s Code was similar to Hammurabi’s Law Codes in
that it
(A) dealt primarily with religious issues.
(B) became the basic law code for his state, and
influenced future law codes.
(C) led to internal disruptions and faced harsh opposition
(D) deviated sharply from previous legal precedents
when it sought to create a new tradition.
REVIEW
The schism within the Christian church was due to all of these issues
EXCEPT
(A) clerical celibacy; Orthodox priests could marry, but Catholic
priests could not.
(B) papal interference in Byzantine political and religious affairs
(C) the Byzantine state control of the church in eastern lands
(D) Muslim influence on the Orthodox branch of Christianity
REVIEW
Byzantine trade flourished with all of the following
EXCEPT:
(A) sub-Saharan Africa
(B) Asia
(C) the Mediterranean
(D) Northern Europe
REVIEW
All the following were factors in the decline of
Byzantium EXCEPT
(A) Russian Invaders.
(B) Seljuk Turks.
(C) Western Crusaders.
(D) Italian trading city-states such as Venice and
Genoa.