http://www.telegrapghindia.com

Pakistan: War, Peace and The Struggle for Power

Rob Hillhouse Sara Lucas Rosemary Morrow

Austin 2006

Pakistan

• Mnemonic from names of Muslim-majority provinces in northwest areas in India • Meaning: Creation of a land of the “pure” http://www.infopak.gov.pk/public/country_profile_index.htm

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P

ynjab

A

fghania

K

ashmir S

I

nd

T

Baluchis

TAN A N

Pakistan

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• 1 Balochistan • 2 North-West Frontier Province

Pakistan

• 5 Islamabad Capital Territory • 6 Federally Administered Tribal Areas • 3 Punjab • 7 Azad Kashmir • 4 Sindh • 8 Northern Areas Austin 2006

Islamic Republic of Pakistan

Austin 2006 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan#Government_and_politics

Symbols of Pakistan

http://www.pakistan.gov.pk/ Austin 2006

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Pakistan

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Religions

•Muslim 97% –(Sunni 77%, –Shi'a 20%), •Christian, Hindu, and other 3% http://www.pakistanlink.com/ Austin 2006

Muhammad Iqbal

When a Community forsakes its Law Its parts are severed, like the scattered dust.

The being of the Muslim rests alone On Law, which is in truth the inner core Of the Apostle’s faith.

The Secrets of the Self, 1920

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Power

Knowing that, throughout history, societies are part of the struggle for power, we ask: – How do different individuals and groups seize power and establish their authority?

– What elements beyond political or military strength reinforce or weaken the exercise of power?

– How do systems of government preserve or relinquish power?

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Pakistan: Difficult Beginnings •Nationalists were divided into different groups with no clear idea of what the new state would look like.

•The independence movement represented only the secularized, Westernized elite.

•The masses wanted to see an Islamic state.

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Jinnah and Gandhi - 1944

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Modern State vs. Islamic State •Agree on a democracy •Disagree on underpinning Principles

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Modern State vs. Islamic State

•Modernist intellectuals and politicians wanted to create a secular, constitutional government.

•Conservatives and fundamentalists wanted to create a “theo democratic” state.

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Pakistani Leadership

• 1947-1948 • 1948-1951 • 1951-1958 Muhammed Ali Jinnah Governor General Liaquat Ali Khan Prime Minister Six Different Prime Ministers • 1958-1969 General Ayub Khan President Austin 2006

Pakistani Leadership

• 1969-1973 General Yahya Khan Military Leadership • 1973-1977 • 1977-1988 Zulfigar Ali Bhutto Prime Minister General Zia ul-Haq President Austin 2006

Pakistani Leadership

• 1988-1990 1993-1996 Benazir Bhutto Prime Minister • 1990-1993 1997-1999 Nawaz Sharif Prime Minister • 1999 General Pervez Musharraf Austin 2006

Muhammed Ali Jinnah 1947-1948 •

"... this is my own very strong conviction that if the Quaid [Mohammed Ali Jinnah] had died in March 1947, there would have been no Pakistan. It was pure will power, sheer will power of the man.” --Syed Amjad Ali

http://www.harappa.com/amjad_ali/jinnah.html

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Muhammed Ali Jinnah 1947-1948 Jinnah, head of the Muslim League, was the founding father of Pakistan and became the first governor general of Pakistan with Liaquat Ali Khan as the first prime minister. Jinnah died a year later on Sept. 11, 1948.

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Liaquat Ali Khan 1947-1951 • Remained as prime minister after Jinnah’s death.

• Struggled to negotiate a constitution.

• Was assassinated in 1951.

Liaquat Ali Khan with Pres. Truman during his 1950 visit to the U.S.

http://www.pbs.org/wnet/wideangle/shows/junoon /timeline2.html

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1951-1958

• Pakistan still governed by British colonial law • Quick succession of 6 prime ministers in 7 years • Political instability, racial and ethnic conflict, and an economic downturn resulted in a military coup Austin 2006

Constitution of 1956

•Collection of “modern,” secular laws -parliamentary democracy •Guiding influence of Islam Austin 2006

General Ayub Khan 1958-1969 • Pakistan’s first military ruler • Popular reforms won him reelection in 1960 • Martial law ended with 1962 constitution • Resigned in 1969 and gave power to Gen. Yahya Khan www.frontlineonnet.com

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Constitution of 1962

• Focused on a liberal, modernist interpretation of Islam • Gen. Ayub Khan intervened in politics to prevent Jamaat-l Islami from taking power.

• Appointment of 37 reform commissions with little concern for Islamic issue • Jamaat-l Islami operating as a political party in elections Austin 2006

General Yahya Khan 1969-1971 www.thestoryofpakistan.com

• Immediately declared martial law and made himself president • Held the first general elections of Pakistan in Dec. 1970 • Differences between East and West Pakistan led to civil war and Bangladesh’s independence Austin 2006

Pakistan

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Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto 1971 • Leader of the most popular party • Became president when Yahya Khan resigned in August 1973, and a new constitution went into effect. • Bhutto resigned from the presidency to become prime minister • Later was overthrown and hanged http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/319906.stm

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Constitution of 1973

• Product of Zulfigar Ali Bhutto, who made concessions to Jamaat-l Islami • Islam declared state religion for the first time • Compulsory Islamic education • Demanded published “error-free” Qur’an • Banned horseracing, gambling, alcohol, night clubs and dancing.

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Gen. Muhammad Zia-ul-Hag 1977-1985 • Enforced Martial Law for the third time in the short Pakistani history • Commissioned in the British Army in World War II and served in Burma, Malaya and Indonesia http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/pk/html Austin 2006

General Zia-ul-Haq

• Joined Pakistani army when Pakistan became independent.

• Appointed by Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto as Chief of Army Staff, superseding five senior Generals. • Carried out a bloodless coup overthrowing Bhutto's government and enforced Martial Law in the country. Austin 2006

General Zia’s Amendments

• Zia intervened to remove “corrupt” Bhutto constitution.

• Shari’a incorporated into politics and law punishment for crimes • Law amended to give lesser status to women and minorities Austin 2006

Benazir Bhutto 1988-1990; 1993-1996

• Educated at Ratcliff and Oxford • Detained and imprisoned for leadership of Pakistan Peoples Party • Pledged to focus on health, social welfare and education www.cia.gov/cia/publicantions/factbood/geos/pk/html Austin 2006

Benazir Bhutto

• First woman to head government of an Islamic state • Deposed in 1990 by President Ghulam Ishaq Khan who dissolved parliament to force an election.

• Re-elected in 1993 and dismissed three years later Austin 2006 http://www.wic.org/bio/bbhutto.htm

Nawaq Sharif 1990-1993; 1997-1999 • Two non-consecutive terms as prime minister • First term: platform of conservative government to end corruption.

• Returned to power in 1997, changed the constitution.

http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/pk.html

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Nawaq Sharif

• South Asia’s first motorway linked Lahore and Islamabad.

• Nuclear tests on May 28, 1998, responded to Indian nuclear tests • Unpopular after “Kargil War,” at the time Pakistan and India were negotiating peace. • Overthrown in 1999, exiled to Saudi Arabia Sharif taking oath as P.M. for second time http://www.storyofpakistan.com/articletext.asp?artid=A088 Austin 2006

Pervez Musharraf 2001-present • Became de facto Head of Government after bloodless coup d’état • Supreme Court ordered elections and referendum • National Assembly had plurality in favor of Musharraf-deadlocked Austin 2006 http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/pk/html

Pervez Musharraf 2001-present • Vote of confidence in 2004 for term through 2007 • Sided with United States against Taliban • Declared that exiled leaders could not return for general elections.

• Gave use of three air bases to United States • Serves as both Army Chief and President Austin 2006

Musharraf and Bush 2006 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan#Government_and_politics Austin 2006

Power: Military as Political Actors • From General Khan to General Musharraf, military has intervened in Pakistani politics to prevent damage to the constitution.

• Example: Gen. Musharraf seized power when civilian prime minister removed constitutional checks on his power • Military has produced both liberal and conservative leaders.

• Military intervened to remove Ali Bhutto from power and also intervened to ensure his daughter, Benazir Bhutto, could participate in a fair election.

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Power

Knowing that, throughout history, societies are part of the struggle for power, we ask: – How do different individuals and groups seize power and establish their authority?

– What elements beyond political or military strength reinforce or weaken the exercise of power?

– How do systems of government preserve or relinquish power?

Austin 2006

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Resources

Ahmad, Aziz. “Islamic Modernism in India and Pakistan, 1857-1964.”

The Genesis of Pakistan.

London: Oxford University Press, 1970.

British Broadcasting Company http://newsvot.bbc.co.uk/ Esposito, John L. “Muhammad Iqbal and the Islamic State.”

Voices of Resurgent Islam.

Ed. John L. Esposito. New York: Oxford University Press, 1983.

National Geographic Xpeditions: Geography Standards in Your Classroom http://nationalgeographic.com/xpeditions/atlas/index.html?Parent=as ia&Rootmap=pakist&Mode=d Austin 2006

Resources (continued)

Pakistan.Gov: The Official Web Gateway to the Government of Pakistan.

http://www.pakistan.gov.pk/ Pakistan Link.

http://www.pakistanlink.com/ Permanent Mission of Pakistan to the United Nations, New Work. http://www.un.int/pakistan/00home00.htm

Public Broadcast Television Wide Angle http://www.pbs.org/wnet/wideangle/shows/junoon/timeline1.html

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Resources (continued)

Story of Pakistan http://www.storyofpakistan.com/ WIC Biography – Benazir Bhutto http://www.wic.org/bio/bbhutto.htm/ Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan The World Fact Book, Central Intelligence Agency. http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/pk.html

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