Transcript Languages all aroud the world

Summary
Definition
Origins of human language
Language and culture
Human and non-human languages
What are the world’s most widely spoken
languages?
Languages in Morocco
Definition
A language is a system of symbols
used to represent data and transfer
it between two or more entities . It is
a structured system of oral or
written signs which allow the
communication
between
the
humans. More precisely, the
language is the faculty which has
the humans to be expressed.
Definition
 The systems require symbols which are
sometimes known as lexemes and rules
governing how the symbols work
(grammars) .
 Human languages use the sound for
symbols. These sounds can be converted
into written form with little loss of
information. Gestures are a part of
human language too."Language" is also
used to refer to common properties of
languages. There are thousands of human
languages, and these seem to share
certain properties, even though many
shared properties have exceptions.
Origins of human language
 No one yet agrees on when language
was first used by humans (or their
ancestors). Some estimations said
that it was using from about two
million (2,000,000) years ago, during
the time of Homo habilis , and others
affirm that it’s just from forty
thousand (40,000) years ago, during
the time of Cro-Magnon man.
Language and Culture
 Language is an element of culture that contributes
to every aspect of human relationships. The role
that language plays in human interaction
transcends basic communication (such as
commanding somebody to do something, or
providing information when asked a question).
This cultural artifact encodes meanings through its
ability to manipulate what others imagine. The
existence of denotations (what we mean to point
out or say) is often received as connotation (what
people have culturally subscribed to understanding
when something is pointed out) Because of
language’s ability to encode a wide range of
meanings, and represent all ideas, it is the ultimate
cultural artifact.
Human and non-human languages
 The study of the language as means of
expression includes necessarily the study of the
gestures and the sounds. If it is considered that
the animals are expressed using gestures and
sounds, one can wonder whether it is possible
to speak justifiably about an animal language.
The term "animal languages“ is often used for
non-human languages. Most researchers agree
that these are not as complex or expressive as
human language ,they may better be described
as animal communication relates to the way in
which the species communicate using
nonverbal signs. Some researchers argue that
there are significant differences separating
human language from the communication of
other animals.
What are the world's most widely spoken languages?
This question is a very interesting one
that has a rather complicated answer.
Estimates of how many people speak a
language are quite general and can vary
considerably.
The definition of “speaker” can be vague.
Some surveys of languages give
information on native speakers only.
Others count both native speakers and
secondary speakers (those who use the
language regularly or primarily even
though it is not their native language ).
What are the world's most widely spoken languages?
Lastly, it is important to consider not
only the population (number) of language
speakers, but also the geographic
distribution of these languages. Some
languages
have
relatively
large
populations of native speakers but are
used almost exclusively in a few
countries. On the other hand, other
languages
have
relatively
small
populations of native speakers but are
used in many different countries as an
official or national language.
Pos
Language
Speakers(million)
Where spoken(major)
1
Mandarin
1051
China,Malaysia,Taiwan
2
English
510
USA.UK.Australia.Canada,New
Zealand
3
Hindi
490
North and central India
4
Spanish
425
The Americas,Spain
5
Arabic
255
Middle East, Arabia,North Africa
6
Russian
254
Russia, Central Asia
7
Portugues
218
Brazil,Portugal,Southern Africa
8
Bengali
215
Bangladesh,Eastern India
9
Malay,
Indonesian
175
Indonesia,Malaysia,Singapore
Pos
Language
Speakers(million)
Where spoken(major)
10
German
141
Germany,Austria,Central Asia…
11
French
130
France,Canada,West Africa,Central
Africa
12
Japanese
127
Japan
13
Persian
110
Iran, Afghanistan,Central Asia
14
Urdu
104
Pakistan,India
15
Punjabi
103
Pakistan India
16
.
.
.
Vietnamese
.
.
.
86
Vietnam,China
Mandarin
 Mandarin Chinese is a category of related
Chinese dialects spoken across most of
northern and southwestern China . The
Mandarin dialects have more speakers than
any other language.
 Mandarin can refer to two distinct
concepts:
1. To Standard Mandarin , based on the particular Mandarin
dialect spoken in Beijing ,Taiwan, Singapore, and one of
the 6 official languages of the United Nations.
2. To all of the Mandarin dialects spoken in northern and
southwestern China.
English
 English is a widely distributed language that
originated in England, United Kingdom and is now
the primary language in many countries. It is used
as a second language and as an official language in
other countries.
 An estimated 400–450 million people speak English
as their first language. One recent estimate is that
1.9 billion people, nearly a third of the world's
population, have a basic proficiency in English.
English is the dominant international language in
communications, science, business, aviation,
entertainment, diplomacy and the Internet. It has
been one of the official languages of the United
Nations since its founding in 1945.
English is a West Germanic language which
developed from Old English. As a result of the
Norman Conquest, it has been heavily
influenced, more than other Germanic
language, by French and Latin. From England
it spread to the rest of the British Isles, then to
the colonies and territories of the British
Empire such as the United States, Canada,
Australia, New Zealand. As a result of these
historical developments English is the official
language in many countries formerly under
British or American rule, such as Pakistan,
Ghana, India, Nigeria, South Africa, Kenya,
Uganda, Philipines.
Hindi
 Hindi is one of the official languages of India and
is used as the language of administration, the
media, education and literature in Delhi...
Elsewhere in India, Hindi is used, along side
English, as a second language.
 It is also spoken in Bangladesh, Botswana,
Canada, Germany, Kenya, Nepal, New Zealand,
Philippines, Singapore,Uganda,UK, USA, Yemen,
and Zambia. It is closely related to Urdu, the main
language of Pakistan, which is written with the
Arabic script.
 Hindi was originally written with the Brahmi
script but since the 11th century AD it has been
written with the Devanāgarī alphabet.
Spanish
 Current estimation accounts up to 410 million, making
Spanish the most widely spoken Romance language.
 Spanish originated as a dialect in the Cantabria
region of Spain; from that region, its use gradually
spread to the kingdom of Castile, where it became the
principal language of government and trade. It was
later brought to the Western Hemisphere and other
parts of the world in the last five centuries by Spanish
explorers, colonists and empire-builders. Spanish is
one of six official working languages of the United
Nations and one of the most used global languages,
along with English. It is spoken on all continents, most
extensively in North and South America, Europe, and
certain parts of Africa, Asia and Oceania.
Arabic
 Arabic is the largest member of the Semitic branch
of the Afro-Asiatic language family and is closely
related to Hebrew . It is spoken throughout the Arab
world and is widely studied and known throughout
the Islamic world. Classical Arabic has been a
literary language since at least the 6th century and is
the liturgical language of Islam. Because of its
liturgical role, Arabic has lent many words to other
Islamic languages. During the Middle Ages Arabic
was also a major vehicle of culture, especially in
science, mathematics and philosophy, with the result
that many European languages have also borrowed
numerous words from it.
Languages in Morocco
Because of the varied historical influences on the
people of Morocco, there is a large variety of
languages spoken throughout the country:
1. Moroccan Arabic: This is the official
language of Morocco, most Moroccans can
understand conventional Arabic, but there a lot of
types of dialects.
2. Standard Arabic: Most Moroccans can
understand this form of Arabic which is spoken
and written much throughout the rest of the
Middle East and North Africa. Most Arabic
television programs are in this form of Arabic.
3. Tachelhit: 3 to 4 million of the people of
Morocco speak this form of Berber.
4. Tamazight: This is also spoken by roughly 3
million of the inhabitants of Morocco. It is a
dialect of Berber.
5. Tarifit: a lesser used dialect of the Berber
language. It is spoken by about 1.5 million people
in Morocco.
6. Spanish: Over 20 000 people in Morocco are
capable of speaking Spanish. Besides being only a
short distance away, Spain also acted as a
protectorate of Morocco for a while after 1912.
This resulted in Spanish influence in culture and
language.
7. French : isn’t seen as an indigenous language
in Morocco, however, at least, half of the
population is capable of speaking it. This is due to
the strong French influence during the period of
1912/1956.
French descended from the Latin of the Roman
Empire. It is spoken originally in France,
Belgium, and Switzerland. Today about 200
million people around the world use this language
as a mother tongue or fluent second language. It is
an official language in 41 countries, most of which
form “La Francophonie” community of Frenchspeaking nations.
From the 18th century into the 20th
century, French was the leading
international language of culture and
diplomacy. The knowledge of French was
considered a requirement for bettereducated classes around the world as late
as the 1970s. Due to this legacy -- and
ongoing strenuous efforts by the French
government -- it retains significant use
today in international affairs despite its
replacement by English as the "world
language".
Drum communication (whisthling)
 Developed and used by cultures living in forested
areas, drums served as an early form of long
distance communication, and were used during
ceremonial and religious functions.
 In Africa, New Guinea and the tropical America,
people have used drum telegraphy to
communicate with each other from far away for
centuries. When European expeditions came into
the jungles to explore the primeval forest, they
were surprised to find that the message of their
coming and their intention was carried through
the woods a step in advance of their arrival.
Sign language:
 The written history of sign language began in the
17th century in Spain. In 1620, Juan Pablo Bonet
published "Reducción de las letras y arte para
enseñar a hablar a los mudos" (‘Reduction of
letters and art for teaching mute people to speak’)
in Madrid. It is considered the first modern
treatise of Phonetics and Logopedia, setting out a
method of oral education for the deaf people by
means of the use of manual signs, in form of a
manual alphabet to improve the communication
of the dumb or deaf people.
 Generally, each spoken language has a sign
language counterpart in as much as each
linguistic population will contain Deaf members
who will generate a sign language.
American sign language alphabet
Chinese sign language alphabet
Japanese sign language alphabet
Russian sign language alphabet
Thank you for your
attention
конец (russian)
fin (french)
the end (English)
終わり (japanese)
结束 (chinese)
Fine (italian)
Ende (German)
끝(Corean)
अंत (hindi)
el fin (spanish)
o fim (Portuguese)
สิ้ น (Thaï)