Transcript Osmoregulation and Excretion

Osmoregulation and
Excretion
Ainsley Lockhart and Emily Allyn
Osmoregulation: The Basics
• Osmoconformers – Isoosmotic with surroundings
• Osmoregulators- Control internal environment
independently from environment
• Stenohaline – Animals that cannot tolerate large
changes in external osmolarity
• Euryhaline – Animals that can survive large
fluctuation in external osmolarity.
Osmotic Challenges: A
Survey
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Osmoregulation: Energy
Cost and Other Mechanisms
• Energy is required for active transport
and diffusion of solutes and water
• Transport epithelia is responsible for
filtration and reabsorption
Nitrogenous Waste
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•
Ammonia
Urea
Uric acid
Evolution of each mode
Excretion: The Basics
• How excretory
systems maintain
homeostasis.
• Bodily Fluids ->
Filtrate -> Urine
Evolution of Excretory
Systems: Protonephridia
• Organisms
– Flatworms(acoelomates)
– Rotifers
– Some annelids
– Mollusc larvae
– Lancelets
• Functions
– Metabolic waste excretion
– Osmoregulation
– Disposal of nitrogenous
waste
• Mechanisms
– Tubule network
– Flame bulbs
Evolution of Excretory
Systems: Metanephridia
• Organisms
– Most annelids
• Functions
– Metabolic waste
excretion
– Osmoregulation
• Mechanisms
– Ciliated funnel
– Collecting tubule
– Transport epithelium
Evolution of Excretory
Systems: Malpighian Tubules
• Organisms
– Insects and other
terrestrial arthropods
• Functions
– Nitrogenous waste
disposal
– Osmoregulation
• Mechanism
– transport epithelium
Evolution of Excrtory
Systems: Kidneys
• Organisms
– Vertebrates and some
other chordates
• Functions
– Osmoregulation
– Metabolic waste
excretion
• Mechanism:
– Highly organized tubules
– Ducts
Structure Of The Mammalian
Excretory System
• Kidneys: renal
cortex, renal
medulla, nephron
• Renal veins and
arteries supply
blood
• Urine: Kidneys ->
Ureter -> Bladder
-> Urethra
Adaptations and Evolution
of the Mammalian Kidney
• Gram-negative bacteria
• Hagfish and segmented kidneys
Pathway of Filtrate
From Blood Filtrate to Urine
• proximal tubule
• descending and
ascending limb of
loop of Henle
• distal tube
• collecting duct
Solute Gradients
Kidney Adaptations:
Mammals
• The juxtamedullary
nephron functions
for water
conservation
• Long loops of Henle
Kidney Adaptations: Birds
and other Reptiles
• Birds
– Juxtamedullary nephrons
– Shorter loops of Henle
– Uric acid
• Reptiles
– Cortical nephrons
– Transport epithelium in cloacas
– Uric acid.
Kidney Adaptations: Freshwater
Fish and Amphibians
• Freshwater Fish
– Many nephrons
– Transport epithelium for salt retention
• Amphibians
– Water vs. land adaptations
Kidney Adapations: Marine
Bony Fish
• Small nephrons with no distal tube
• Small or no glomeruli
• Divalent ions flushed out with kidneys,
proximal tubules of nephrons
• Monovalent ions flushed out with gills
Contribution of Hormones to the
Mammalian Excretory System
• antidiuretic hormones (ADH)
• hypothalamus and pituitary( osmoregulator
cells in hypothalamus detects rising
osmolarity of blood and produces the
hormone. Hormone is stored in the pituitary
gland)
• distal tubes and collection ducts
(aquaphorons) (the ADH binds to
aquaphorons in kidney to change the water
pemeability of transport epithelial)
Renin-angiotensinaldosterone system (RAAS)
• juxtaglomerular
apparatus (JGA),
afferent arteriol ( the
afferent arteriol moitors
blood volume/ artetiol
tension and instructs
the JGA which is close
by to make angiotensin
II)
• adrenal gland (makes
aldosterone)
• aldosterone,
angiotensin II
Homeostatic Regulation of
the Kidney
• The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone
system (RAAS)
• Antidiuretic hormones (ADH)
• Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
Disorders of the Kidney
• Diabetes insipidus
• Affects of alcohol
• Gout
References
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Miller, Karen J., Eugene P. Kennedy, and Vernon N. Reinhold.
"Osmotic adaptation by gram-negative bacteria: possible role
for periplasmic oligosaccharides." Science 231 (Jan 3, 1986):
48(4). Student Resource Center - Bronze. Gale. PIEDMONT
HIGH SCHOOL. 6 Apr. 2009
<http://find.galegroup.com/ips/start.do?prodId=IPS
Campbell, Neil A. “Biology.” Pearson, San Francisco. 2008.
“Borrowed Photo” Credits
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http://www.faqs.org/health/Body-by-Design-V2/The-UrinarySystem.html
http://bio1152.nicerweb.com/Locked/media/ch44/
http://www.agen.ufl.edu/%7Echyn/age2062/OnLineBiology/OL
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Campbell, Neil A. “Biology.” Pearson, San Francisco. 2008.