Transcript Document
Chapter 17
Corrections for
Juveniles
Clear & Cole, American Corrections, 8th
Corrections for Juveniles
The Problem of Youth Crime
History of Juvenile Corrections
Juvenile Corrections: English Antecedents
Juvenile Corrections in the United States
Differences between Adults and juveniles, in
Perspective
Why
Treat juveniles and Adults Differently?
The Problem of Serious Delinquency
Sanctioning juvenile Offenders
Overview of Juvenile Justice System
Disposition of Juvenile Offenders
Clear & Cole, American Corrections, 8th
“parens patriae”
the
“parent of the country”;
the role of the state as
guardian and protector of all
people (particularly juveniles)
who are unable to protect
themselves
Clear & Cole, American Corrections, 8th
Evolution of juvenile justice
in America, 1600s - 2000
Crime
Control
Juvenile Rights
1960 - 1980
•In re Gault, 1967
•JJ & Del. Prev. Act, 1974
deinstitutionalize status
offenders
•legalization of juv. law
Juvenile Court
1899 - 1960
•Ill. Juv. Crt, 1899
•separate legal system for
juv’s
•child as “legally
irresponsible”
1980 - 2007
•victim emphasis
•punishment of
serious offenders
•waive serious cases
Refuge Period
1824 - 1899
•NY House of Refuge,
1825 for delinquent &
dependent children
• child as “helpless”
Puritan Period
1646 - 1824
•Mass. Stubborn
Child Law, 1646
•child as “evil”
Clear & Cole, American Corrections, 8th
Julian W. Mack
Julian
W. Mack (1866-1943) One of
the foremost innovators in juvenile
justice, Mack presided over Chicago’s
juvenile court from 1904 to 1907. He
believed that the proper work of the court
depended on the judge, supported by
probation officers, caseworkers, and
psychologists. He sought as much as
possible to avoid using reformatories and
tried to bring the expertise of social
service professionals to the courts.
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hallmarks of juvenile court
informality
not hindered by legalities of “due process”
judges ran sessions as conversations
exploring needs of child
individualization
each child is unique and has unique
circumstances, problems, and needs
intervention
aim not to punish, but to help child become
law-abiding
identify and solve problems; provide treatment
Clear & Cole, American Corrections, 8th
“delinquent”
a
child who has committed an act
which, if committed by an adult,
would be criminal
Clear & Cole, American Corrections, 8th
“neglected”
a
child who is not receiving
proper care because of some
action or inaction of his or her
parents
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“dependent”
a
child who has no parent or
guardian or whose parents are
unable to give proper care
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“In Re: Gault”
watershed Supreme Court case
granting “essential” due process
rights to juveniles facing adjudication
by juvenile court
notice
hearing
counsel
cross-examination
Clear & Cole, American Corrections, 8th
why treat juveniles differently
juveniles
are young and may easily change
more susceptible to treatment
most never get in trouble again
state acts in partnership w/ family to treat child
juvenile crime is a group phenomenon
removed from the group, child will behave
easier to get them to isolate & modify behavior
juveniles
have a high rate of ‘desistance’
juveniles’
juveniles
juveniles
families important to their lives
are easily influenced by peers
have little responsibility for others
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Female Offense proportion
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Juvenile Delinquents in Public
Custodial Facilities
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Characteristics of Youth Who
Belong to a Gang
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% arrests involving juveniles by
crime
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high risk juvenile offenders
factors of concern
persistent
behavior problems in elementary
school years
onset of delinquency, aggression, drug use
between 6 & 11
antisocial parents
antisocial peers, poor school attendance,
impulsivity, weak social ties between 12-14
membership in delinquent gangs
drug dealing
Clear & Cole, American Corrections, 8th
juvenile offender dispositions
waiver (to adult court)
diversion
correctional programs
detention
juvenile probation
working in the school
intermediate sanctions
juvenile community corrections
juvenile incarceration
juvenile aftercare
Clear & Cole, American Corrections, 8th