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Video 101
From Chris at Sony
Video 101
Chris Soltesz
SSE-DS
Sony Electronics, Dallas
972-915-3200
Video 101: Itinerary
Introduction
 Signal Acquisition
 Video Signals
 Recording and Playback
 Video Formats
 Display
 Editing
 Transmission/Distribution
 Conclusion

Video 101: Introduction

“It has been my experience that the
dissemination of a little knowledge will
achieve one of two possible outcomes.
It will either prompt the person learning
to gather even more information on the
subject, or give them a sense of false
security and make them a very
dangerous source of misinformation.”
Video 101: Introduction

Uses of Video
– Communication of ideas and opinions
– Tell stories (dramatic or comedic)
– Archival of historic events (News)
– Sell and market products
– Educational uses
– Public information
– Etc.
Video 101: Introduction
Live or Tape Delayed Broadcast
Lens
Camera
Transmitter
Video Recorder
Television
Receiver
Video 101: Introduction

Camera Lens
– Focuses light onto imager in Camera

Camera
– Translates light information into electrical signal
 Video Recorder
– Records and plays back electrical signal

Transmitter
– Turns electrical signal into RF signal

Television Receiver
– Translates RF signal into Video Image Display
Video 101: Acquisition

Cameras
– Analog
Tube Cameras
CCD
Single or MultiImager
– Digital (DSP)

Camera Types
– Studio
– EFP
– ENG
– Image Capture
Video 101: Cameras

Analog tube and CCD cameras
– Early cameras used Vacuum Tube Imagers
that translated the optical image focused
on the photosensitive surface of the tube
into an electrical signal. Image orthicons,
saticons, vidicons and plumbicons were all
types of imagers that were used. Starting
in the late 1980’s, charge coupled devices
or CCD’s replaced vacuum tubes.
Video 101: Cameras

Single or multi-imager cameras
– Cameras come in two flavors. One uses a
single pickup device and a optical filter to
divide the light into red, green and blue to
capture the different electrical signals from the
three color channels. This type is known as a
single CCD (or one chip) camera.
The second uses three separate imagers and
a prism to separate the light and capture the
corresponding channel. This type is now
known as a 3CCD (or three chip) camera.
Video 101: Cameras

Digital (DSP) Cameras
– Digital cameras maintain higher image quality
by processing the signals digitally. The use of
Digital Signal Processing allows complex
signal manipulation that would not be possible
in an analog design. This gives the operator
greater creative control over the image he or
she is trying to capture. An example of DSP is
the Skin Tone Detail, TrueEye or DynaLatitude
functions in the Sony DSR-500WSL.
Video 101: Cameras

Camera types
– Studio Cameras are meant to be kept in the
studio. This traditionally would be a large, high
performance broadcast camera with a lens
specifically designed for close up work.
– EFP stands for Electrical Field Production.
This camera would have the same
performance characteristics as the previous
type, but may be of a more portable
Camcorder design.
Video 101: Cameras
– ENG stands for Electronic News Gathering.
This type of camera was developed for the
rough and tumble Broadcast News industry. It
has a robust, Camcorder design and is meant
to operate under all types of weather and
lighting conditions.
– Image Capture cameras do just that and only
that. This type of camera is used in Security,
Image Magnification, Copy Stand, Industrial,
Medical, Remote Control, and Educational use
to name just a few.
Video 101: Video Signals

Analog Signal Transmission
– Composite
– YC or S. Video
– Component

Digital Signal Transmission
– Digital Composite
– Digital Component
– Compressed Digital Component
Video 101: Analog Signals

Composite Video
– Combination of Synchronizing signals and
Video Luminance and Chrominance
information. Signal transported all at once, all
down one cable. Also known as VBS or Video,
Black and Sync. Signals can be sent up to
100’down a coaxial cable without amplification
or EQ, depending on the quality of the cable.
Consists of one 6Mhz signal.
Video 101: Analog Signals

Y/C or S. Video
– Signal broken up into two pieces;
Synchronizing signals and Video Luminance
information, and Video Chrominance
information. Signals are transported at the
same time down two wires (of exact equal
length to keep the signals in time). Signals
can be sent up to 100’ without amplification or
EQ, depending on the quality of the cable.
Consists of one 5.5Mhz and one 3.58Mhz
signal.
Video 101: Analog Signals

Component Video
– Signal broken up into at least three parts.
Known as RGBS, RGB, YUV(R-Y, Y, B-Y).
– RGBS is individual Red, Blue and Green video
information and an additional Synchronizing
signal. Signals are transported at the same
time down four wires (of exact equal length).
Signals can be sent up to 100’ without
amplification or EQ, depending on the quality
of the cable. Consists of four 6Mhz signals.
Video 101: Analog Signals

Component Video
– RGB is the same as RGBS with the Sync
information added to the Green Channel.
Signals are transported at the same time down
three wires (of exact equal length). Signals can
be sent up to 100’ without amplification or EQ,
depending on the quality of the cable. Consists
of three 6Mhz signals.
Video 101: Analog Signals

Component Video
– YUV (also known as R-Y, Y, B-Y). Y is Luminance
video and Sync information, R-Y is Red video
information minus Luminance, and B-y is Blue
video information minus Luminance. Signals are
transported at the same time down three wires.
Since the Red and Blue Chroma information can
be derived mathematically, this method takes up
less bandwidth, and also the timing of the signals
is less critical. Consists of one 6Mhz Luminance
signal, and two 3.5Mhz Color difference signals.
Video 101: Digital Signals

Composite Digital (SMPTE-244M, SMPTE
259M)
– Composite Signal information digitized into an 8
or 10 bit, 143Mhz signal. Can be distributed in
both Parallel and Serial forms. In serial
transmission, all information is sent down one
coaxial cable and can be sent up to 300 meters
without amplification. In parallel transmission, the
information is broken up into 25 different
individual signals that can be sent up to 150 feet.
Video 101: Digital Signals

Component Digital (SDI, CCIR-601,
SMPTE 244M, SMPTE 259M)
– Also known as 4:2:2 digital. Component R-Y, Y,
B-Y information digitized in either an 8 or 10 bit
270Mhz signal. Can be sent by parallel or
serial transmission, with the same transport
specifications as composite digital. Also can
carry embedded digital audio.
Video 101: Digital Signals

Compressed Component Digital (SDTI,
SMPTE 305M)
– Component digital information (R-Y, Y, B-Y)
distributed in it’s compressed form. Can also
carry the compressed digital audio, and
machine control embedded into the signal.
Serial interface only. Signals can be distributed
up to 300m down a single coaxial cable.
Video 101: Digital Signals

Compressed Component Digital
SDTI, SMPTE 305M (Continued)
– There are four sub-types of compressed
signals that are under this standard. They are:
 SX
Native Stream (SDDI)
 DVCAM Native Stream (QSDI)
 DVCPRO Native Stream (CSDI)
 SDTI-CP (MPEG-@ Native Stream @ 30, 40 or 50
MBPS)
– Of these, only SDTI-CP is an open interface
( i.e. Not Proprietary)
Video 101: Digital Signals

Compressed Component Digital (IEEE1394, i.Link, Firewire)
– Component digital information (R-Y, Y, B-Y)
distributed in it’s compressed form. Also carries
the compressed digital audio, time code
information and machine control embedded
into the signal. The signal is a serial interface
that is sent down a single multi-conductor
cable no more than 16’ in length.
Video 101:
Recording and Playback
Video Tape Recorders (VTR’s)
 Video Cassette Recorders (VCR’s)
 Digital Disk Recorders (DDR’s)
 Virtual Recorders
 Servers
 Hybrids

Video 101:
Recording and Playback

All of these devices should do the same
thing. There purpose is to record the
incoming signal and duplicate it as closely
as possible upon playback.
– The VTR and VCR are slightly different in their
design. One uses open reels, while one uses
a cassette to hold and store the tape.
– DDR’s record their information onto a
Magnetic disk instead of Magnetic tape.
Video 101:
Recording and Playback
– Virtual Recorders are DDR’s with a VCR user
interface (a jog shuttle knob, edit buttons,
etc.).
– Servers store information and allow multiple
playback streams, even while recording.
– Hybrids are units that have multiple functions,
like a VCR and DDR combination. This allows
them to edit to and from either the VCR part or
the DDR part internally, all in one unit.
Video 101: Formats

A Format is a standardized method of
recording and playing back the information
off the tape. The format ensures that tapes
recorded by one machine will be able to be
played back successfully in other tape
machines of the same format type. Various
organizations (like SMPTE and IEEE)
govern format rights to electronics
manufacturers.
Video 101: Formats

Analog Formats
– 2” Quadruplex
– 1” Type C
– 3/4” Umatic
– Umatic SP
– Beta (1/2”)
– Beta SP (1/2”)
– MI (1/2”)
– MII (1/2”)
– VHS (1/2”)
– SVHS (1/2”)
– 8MM, Hi8
Video 101: Formats

Digital Formats
– D-2 (3/4”)
– D-1 (3/4”)
– Digital Beta(1/2”)
– Beta SX (1/2”)
– DV (1/4”)
– DVCAM (1/4”)
– DVCPRO (1/4”)
– DVCPRO-50 (1/4”)
– DVCPRO-HD (1/4”)
– Digital S (1/2”)
– D-5 (1/2”)
– HDCAM (1/2”)
– MPEG-IMX (1/2”)
– etc….
Video 101: Formats

Composite based Formats
– Quad, 1”,3/4”, VHS, SVHS, 8mm, Hi8
– D-2, D-3

Component based Formats
– Beta, BetaSP, MII, D-1, DigiBeta, BetaSX
– D-5, Consumer DV, DVCAM, DVCPRO,
Digital S
– MPEG-IMX, HDCAM
Video 101:Display

Display video signal transmission
accurately for viewing or critical signal
evaluation or edit decision making (i.e.
creative content).
– Monitor/Receiver (traditional CRT design)
 Can
be color or B&W
– Projector (CRT or LCD)
 Depends
on audience size, room lighting etc.
– Plasma Flat Panel Device
Video 101: Editing

Editing is the actual piecing together of
the recorded video. This is when the
project has graphics, effects and titles
added in to help finish the
production.There are two types of
editing.
– Linear Editing
– Non Linear Editing
Video 101: Editing

Linear Editing
– Traditional method of editing starting at the
beginning and working until the end
– Machine based, multi- source, multi-format
editing
– Can start editing right away with no upload
or download time
– Digital effects are done in real time
– Walk out with your Master tape
Video 101: Editing

Non Linear Editing
– Disk based, so can cut and paste like a word
processor for video
– Don’t have to start at the beginning
– Can have multiple versions of the same
program, spot, promo, etc.
– Can have more creative control
– Effects may need to be rendered
– Must first upload material before editing begins
– Then download to master tape when finished
Video 101:
Transmission and Distribution

Transmission Systems
– Terrestrial Broadcast
– Satellite Broadcast
– Land Based (or Cable) Broadcast

Distribution Systems
– Mass Duplication
Video 101:
Transmission and Distribution

Transmission Systems
– Terrestrial Broadcast is the RF broadcast
of the television signal into our homes
– Satellite Broadcast is the RF broadcast
from satellites down to the receivers in our
homes
– Land Based (or Cable) Broadcast is the RF
distribution from the cable Head End
through a network of cables and amplifiers
into our homes
Video 101: Transmission and
Duplication

Duplication
– Sprinters
– Real Time (Machine based)
– Faster than real time (Machine based)
Video 101: Conclusion
Questions???
Video 101: Conclusion
Thanks!!!