Transcript Document

Towards a Green Building Code in Turkey: Lessons from
Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED)
ESEE 2011, Istanbul
Sonay Aykan
Overview
Outline
1. Overview: LEED, TBEPC and Energy Use
2. LEED and Sustainability
• Defining Sustainability
• Distribution of indicators
3. Assessing Sustainability in LEED
•
Assessment methods
•
Tools of assessment
4. Turkish Building Energy Performance Code (TBEPC) and energy use
5. Sustainability and assessment in TBEPC
6. Conclusion
Overview
LEED
Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design is an
international green building rating system which is widely
used in the US.
It has a points systems (110 pts):
• Sustainable sites
• Energy and Atmosphere
• Materials and Resources
• Indoor Environmental Quality
• Innovation in design
• Regional Credits
Main concepts:
• Energy conservation
• Water use
• Health concerns
• Users’ effect per unit
• Technological fix
Overview
TBEPC
Turkish Building Energy Performance Code is an energy code which regulates
the energy certification of the new and existing Turkish buildings.
• Sets limits for the basic energy requirements for buildings.
• Energy identities are issued for buildings
Overview
LEED and Energy Use
• In 2006, US Green Building Council (USGBC) conducted a research in
corporation with the New Building Institute (NBI) on 121 buildings to
determine the energy use in LEED certified buildings.
• Result: LEED certified buildings consume 25-30% less energy per floor area
than the national average provided by Commercial Building Energy
Consumption Survey (CBECS)
• Biases:
1. exclusion of 21 high energy type buildings from the calculations  their
average energy use is 154% higher than the US national average
2. use of “building-weighted” calculation method only 13.6% less than
the average national energy use
Source: Scofield, J. H. (2009). A Re-examination of the NBI LEED Building Energy Consumption Study. Presented at the 2009 Energy
Program Evaluation Conference, Portland
Overview
LEED and Energy Use
Scofield’s study on energy use in LEED certified buildings
Unweighted site energy
intensities
Weighted site energy intensities
Source: Scofield, J. H. (2009). A Re-examination of the NBI LEED Building Energy Consumption Study. Presented at the 2009 Energy
Program Evaluation Conference, Portland
Overview
LEED and Energy Use
Other studies show that if buildings were compared
considering their types and their climate zones:
1. LEED certified buildings save 18-35% more energy
BUT 28-35% percent of LEED certified buildings use
more energy than their counterparts
2. There is no statistically significant relation between
LEED certification level and the amount of energy
saved.  LEED-Silver buildings do not save more
energy than LEED-Gold buildings
3. Assessments are based on site energy instead of
source energy.
Source:Newsham, G. R., Mancini, S., & Birt, B. J. (2009). Do LEED-certified buildings save energy? Yes, but. Energy and Buildings,
41(8), 897-905.
Sustainability
Sustainability in LEED:
On USGBC’s website LEED’s mission is described to promote “sustainable
building and development practices through a suite of rating systems that
recognize projects that implement strategies for better environmental and
health performance.”(USGBC, 2010).
Source: USGBC. (2010). LEED for New Construction, Introduction. Washington DC: U.S. Green Building Council
Sustainability
Defining Sustainability
• World Commission of Environment and
Development (WCED, 1987): “meeting
the needs of the present without
compromising the ability of future
generations to meet their own needs”
•
Pelt (1992): A function of current social
welfare and the available ecological
resources for future generations
• Elkington (1994): a synergetic
relationship among economy, ecology
and society.  Triple Bottom Line
Economy
Ecology
Sustainability
Defining Sustainability
Designing According to the Triple Bottom Line:
• economic performance,
• contribution to employment,
• protection of biodiversity,
• labor processes,
• security,
• public health,
• access to energy,
• access to clean water,
• education
• cultural preservation
Sustainability
Sustainability in LEED
Distribution of LEED points (%)
40
Energy gets the most attention
from designers. Why?
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
• In LEED 2009, achieving 40
points is enough to attain a
LEED certification.
• There are 35 available points
under energy credits
• Energy credits can also lead to
achievements in other credits
• Creating buildings that have
less operating costs, higher
market values
Sustainability
Categorizing Sustainability Indicators
Categories are based on:
• TBL
• Relationship between the daily
practices and sustainability
• Strength of this relationship
Ex: In the UN CSD, “proportion of urban
population living in slums” addresses this
relationship directly through poverty, whereas
this relationship is also addressed indirectly
through health, governance or land.
• Characteristics of the building
industry
Sustainability
Comparing Sustainability Indicators
Internationally Accepted Indicator Sets that are examined:
1. Global Reporting Initiative (GRI),
2. United Nations Commission on Sustainable Development (UN CSD)
3. Genuine Progress Indicators (GPI)
4. The Global 100 Most Sustainable Corporations in the World (Global 100)
5. LEED
Basics of Comparison:
• Indicators are placed under categories
• Number of indicators that are placed under each category are compared
Sustainability
Distribution of indicators into categories by numbers
Sustainability
Distribution of indicators into categories by percentage
Sustainability
Distribution of indicators into categories by percentage
Sustainability
Distribution of indicators into categories by percentage
Results:
• Significant differences between
the distributions
• UN CSD and GRI have more
even distributions
• Content of the environment is
similar in all indicator sets: Gas
emissions, water, biodiversity
and energy use
Distribution of all the indicators
50.0
40.0
30.0
20.0
10.0
0.0
Economy
Ecology
Social
• Contents of the other sectors
differ significantly.
Sustainability
Distribution of indicators into categories by percentage
For LEED:
• 59%  Environment
• 37%  Societal issues
• 4 Economy
• LEED’s indicators mostly address
locational aspects, water,
energy, materials, health and
user comfort
• Health issues, User comfort and
neighborhood developmen
Many social and economic issues that can be
constitute the majority the
related to the building sector are omitted by
social indicators
LEED, including transparency, labor practices,
security, access to energy, access to healthy
food and education, economic performance
and employment.
Assessing Sustainability
Types of Assessment
Three common methods of assessment :
1. end-user impact assessment
2. lifecycle assessment
3. lifestyle assessment
End-use impact:
• Calculation of negative externalities created by the direct actions of the end
users
• Externalities (carbon footprint, hazardous gas emissions, waste production,
etc.) are calculated by looking at the consumption processes of goods and
services.
Assessing Sustainability
Types of Assessment
Lifecycle:
• Introduced during the UN Earth Summit in Rio in 1992
• Production, transportation and consumption process of products and services
Ex: Evaluating buildings’ CO2 emission requires calculation of CO2 emission that has been created
throughout the excavation, production and transportation of the building materials, as well as the CO2
produced by direct use of energy in the building .
• Source energy, as opposed to site
energy, therefore, becomes a means
of assessment in the lifecycle method.
• Life cycle assessment method follows a
similar path with the “Global
Commodity Chain” (GCC) approach
Assessing Sustainability
Types of Assessment
Lifestyle:
• Focus on lifestyles of the users instead of their impacts
• Developed by Lutzenheiser (1992) critique of the mainstream approaches
for being limited with technological solutions.
• Energy use in buildings is also affected by the lifestyles and design perspectives
• Diamond’s (2003) research 2020 homebased life style will expand, bigger screen
TVs will be introduced, there will be more
home appliances to ease the life, work
spaces will merge with coffee-shops, air
conditioning systems will improve and
education will be home-centered
Assessing Sustainability
Types of Assessment
Future lifestyle:
• Preserving today’s consumption oriented, individualistic vision
• Curbing the externalities of people’s unlimited desires by technological
advances
• Less «collective thinking» and less “common good”,
• No proposed solution for fundemental problems such as poverty and inequity
 They are also the causes of unsustainable production and consumption
patterns. (Lele, 2000)
Assessing Sustainability
Comparison of assessment methods
Comparison of assessment methods through sample indicators
Means of Assessment
Assessment Method
End User Impact Lifecycle Lifestyle
Site energy use
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Emissions from direct actions
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Waste from direct actions
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Source energy
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Emissions from production process
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Waste from production process
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Fair distribution of revenue through commodity chain
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Working conditions in commodity chain
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Promotion of equity in access to resources
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Promotion of collective desision processed
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Promotion of conservation policies
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Formation of social commons
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Promotion of policies against poverty

Assessing Sustainability
Assessment in LEED
•
•
•
•
•
•
water use
use of material and resources,
construction pollution prevention
heat island effect
low emitting materials
storm water control
Performance of the building
Performance of the occupant
(End-User Impact)
Calculations are through per
unit area and per unit volume
Technological fixes as
solutions
Assessing Sustainability
Assessment in LEED
• 10,000 square feet (929m2).
• The Gores used about 191,000
kilowatt hours in 2006 whereas
Nashville household uses about
15,600 kilowatt-hours per year.
How so?
• Use of per unit measures
instead of aggregate
• Use of technological fixes to
obtain points.
• After installation of solar panels, rain
water collection systems, solar roof
fans and geothermal heating systems.
energy consumption of the house
decreased only by 11 percent.
• And the house achieved a LEED Gold
certification
Assessing Sustainability
Assessment in LEED
Lifecycle and Lifestyle Assessment in LEED
•
•
•
•
certified wood
use of rapidly renewable materials
material reuse
regional materials
Lifecycle
•
•
•
•
•
alternative transportation
brownfield development
controllability of lighting systems
reuse of materials
maximization of open spaces
Lifestyle
It is possible to use Lifecycle and Lifestyle assessment
techniques in green building codes.
BUT BOT USED
ENOUGH
Turkish Building Energy Performance Code
What is it?
• Not an exact equivalent of LEED
• It will define the path towards a green building rating system
in Turkey
• It grounds its measures on existing national and international
standards such as TS 825, EN 15193, etc.
Turkish Building Energy Performance Code
TBEPC and Energy Use
• No research on the energy use of TBEPC Buildings
Comparison of heat gain/heat loss values for building envelopes
Construction Elements
LEED
TBEPC
SHGC
<0.45
NR
0.42 (0.36 for buildings with
Window U Value
<U-0.4
more than 60% windows)
Ceiling R value
R-38
R-20
Wall R Value
R-18
R-12.5
Floor R Value
R-19
R- 25
Basement Wall R value
R-9
NR
Doors
U-0.85
U-0.71
LEED Standards for a
building in Climate Zone IV
TBEPC’s requirements for
a 90 m2 house (TS 825)
Turkish Building Energy Performance Code
TBEPC and Energy Use
Use of concrete as the default building material in TBEPC challenges with the
energy efficiency goals:
• Production of cement is among the most energy intensive industries
• World’s cement industry accounts for 7 percent of the CO2 emissions
• Mining of limestone and clay lead to significant deforestation and loss of top
soil
• Its basic fuel, coal, is a significant pollutant
• Cement and concrete production use large amounts of freshwater
Source: Mehta, P. K. (2001). Reducing the Environmental Impact of Concrete. Concrete
International, October 2001, 61-65.
Turkish Building Energy Performance Code
Sustainability and TBEPC (-)
• Sustainability is not stated to be the main goal of TBEPC
• Promotion of use of concrete without any alternative challenges with TBL
philosophy and the synergetic structure of sustainability
• Similar to LEED, TBEPC introduces a technology oriented approach (HVAC
systems, lighting and thermal bridges, etc.)
• Energy and sustainability related design details are missing:
-materials used,
-location and orientation of the building,
-division of inner spaces,
-creation of common spaces
Turkish Building Energy Performance Code
Sustainability and TBEPC (+)
• Introduction of a post-occupancy assessment:
the energy ID is given for a period of 10 years.
• Stress on energy efficiency education and
institution of an energy culture in the society
(goals related to lifestyle )
• requirement to install share meters to the
buildings with central heating (Change in
lifestyle)
Turkish Building Energy Performance Code
Conclusion
Strategies to carry the building
industry to a more sustainable
future in Turkey :
• Development of assessment
tools to fully address TBL
• Establishment of a synergetic
structure
• Regulations on lifecycle of
goods and services and lifestyle
of users through introduction
of necessary indicators.
• Promotion of policies such as
fair trade