Transcript EG3125 Remote sensing of the environment
EG2211 Earth Observation
Applications of Remote sensing
TOPICS
Quantitative remote sensing Rainfall estimation Land surface temperature Proxy air temperature NDVI, albedo, wind-speed and others Disaster Management Human Health Hydrodynamics
Quantitative remote sensing?
Estimation of a physical quantity Proxy environmental variables Application driven Less science and more operational Makes use of algorithms Interfaces with environmental models
Applications that use quantitative RS
Agriculture – NDVI, temperature, rainfall Health – NDVI, temperature, rainfall, dust, wind Hydrology – Rainfall Climate change – NDVI, temperature, rainfall Weather forecasting – Winds, rainfall
Rainfall estimation
Cold Cloud Duration (CCD) using Meteosat Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission using radar (TRMM) Special Sensor Microwave Imager (SSM/I) rainfall measurement using microwave instruments
Rainfall estimation
Cold Cloud Duration (CCD): Pioneered by work of Lethbridge, 1967 Became an operational system thanks to Milford and Dugdale at TAMSAT (University of Reading) Based on relationship between period during which convective cloud tops are below a specific threshold and rainfall measured beneath them
Rainfall estimation
Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM): TRMM mission is a joint US/Japan effort coordinated by NASDA (National Space Development Agency of Japan) TRMM was launched in 1997 – with an initial mission life of 3 years TRMM data is relayed to NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC)
Rainfall estimation
Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM): Precipitation Radar (PR) TRMM Microwave Imager (TMI) Visible and Infrared Scanner (VIRS) Clouds and the Earth’s Radiant Energy System (CERES) Lightning Image Sensor (LIS)
Rainfall estimation
Special Sensor Microwave Imager (SSM/I): System coordinated by NOAA Became operational in 1987 Uses a 7-channel passive microwave radiometer
Rainfall estimation
Special Sensor Microwave Imager (SSM/I): Data collected from the SSM/I are used to estimate several geophysical parameters including: Rainfall Rate Rainfall Frequency Cloud Liquid Water Cloudiness Frequency Total Precipitable Water Snow Cover Sea-Ice Sampling Frequency Ocean Surface Wind Speed (1.0 degree only!)
Land Surface Temperature
Thermal infrared images provide an estimate of the magnitude of radiant energy Radiance (usually expressed as watts per square metre) can be converted to temperature via an instrument-specific algorithm Energy (and hence temperature) is of the land surface (LST) LST may be converted to a proxy air temperature by means of a solar correction algorithm
Other quantitative measurements
NDVI Albedo Wind speed Potential Evapotranspiration (PET) Soil moisture Tropospheric humidity
•Monitoring •Habitat modelling •Hydrology
NDVI
VISIBLE
•Albedo •Weather Fcst.
WATER VAPOUR •Cloud motion •Troposphere
Disaster Management Uses of RS for Disaster Management
Wildfires Avalanche Earthquake Flooding Drought Refugees Volcanic eruptions Tsunami Landslides Extreme weather Disease Military
Disaster Management
PLANNING LEARNING Disaster Management MITIGATION
Disaster Management
PLANNING
Modelling Assessment Prediction Contingency
MITIGATION
Monitoring situations Deployment of resources Decision-making Public relations COST EFFECTIVENESS !!!
QuickBird used extensively throughout Asian Tsunami Disaster
Human Health
Health and disease often has a spatial component Climatic, environmental and socio-economic variables affect health Epidemics and outbreaks spread across a region – either as a function of movement of people or environmental factors
Human Health
Many countries are vulnerable to diseases directly influenced by the environment Vector-borne diseases (like malaria) Respiratory illnesses (like meningitis) Water-borne diseases (like cholera) Stress illnesses (heat-stroke or hypothermia) Illnesses caused by “mechanical” effects of extreme weather events
Hydrodynamics
stream stream stream river river river estuary THE SEA stream
Hydrodynamics
From DeMers, 2002
Hydrodynamics
From DeMers, 2002
Case Studies
Until mid-February we will be examining specific case studies where RS is used Case studies will be: – Agriculture – Weather Forecasting – Human Health – Disaster Management and Emergencies
Case Studies
Lecture session will provide basic material related to topic – but groups will have to prepare their own material and presentations for the workshop
Everybody
will be assigned to a case-study group and will
have
to turn up to one workshop session following the lecture
Case Studies – Timetable
Topic Agriculture Weather forecasting Human health Disasters Lecture/workshop Week beginning 22/1/2007 29/1/2007 5/2/2007 12/2/2007
Case Studies – Timetable
• You will
ALL
have to attend the second hour (workshop) covering each topic. You will have to take notes from the other groups presenting and record their literature references • Workshops will be based around Q&A sessions (questions from YOU) and a short group presentation
Further Reading
Cresswell MP, Morse AP, Thomson MC and Connor SJ. (1999). Estimating surface air temperatures from Meteosat land surface temperatures using an empirical solar zenith angle model.
International Journal of Remote Sensing
, Vol 20 (
6
), 1125-1132.
Lethbridge M. (1967). Precipitation probability and satellite radiation data. Monthly Weather Review, Vol 95 (7), 487-490 Milford J and Dugdale G. (1990).
Estimation of rainfall using geostationary satellite data
. In Applications of Remote Sensing in Agriculture. Edited by Steven M and Clark J. Published by Butterworths, London Dugdale G, Hardy S and Milford J. (1991). Daily catchment rainfall estimated from Meteosat.
Hydrological Processes
, Vol 5, 261-270
Further Reading
TRMM Website:
http://www.eorc.nasda.go.jp/TRMM/index_e.htm
SSM/I Website:
http://orbit-net.nesdis.noaa.gov/arad2/
TAMSAT (CCD Rainfall) Website:
http://www.met.reading.ac.uk/tamsat/