Transcript Slide 1

N
National
A
Agriculture &
L
Livestock
E
Extension
P
Programme
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Organisation of farming communities
as water producers in the Tana Basin
Isaac J. W. Mulagoli
Programme Co-ordinator
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Introduction
The Tana basin is characterised by
– high population density in upper Tana;
– high but recently erratic rains in upper Tana;
– increasing subdivision of farms;
– intensive farming associated with decline in
soil fertility;
– at least 70% of the basin lying in ASALs.
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• ASAL conditions towards the Tana delta
• Extreme pressure for natural resources to
provide food and electricity
– This paper analyses issues related to the
management of soil and water resources and
organisational development of farming
communities in the Tana Basin to mitigate
land degradation effects..
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Problem Analysis
Soil Fertility decline: BBS findings
• Soil erosion: intensive run-off
• Loss of nutrients without matched replenishment
• No fallowing: intensive and continuous cultivation
• High cost of fertilizer and animal feeds
• Limited use of organic soil amendments
• High poverty levels  poor land husbandry
Result: Low soil productivity
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High population pressure
• High population density and growth in the
Upper Tana basin
• Land subdivision: land per capita dwindling
every day
• Intensive agriculture
• Result: decline in soil fertility and productivity.
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Land degradation
• Soil loss: topography and rainfall in upper Tana
• Apathy in maintenance of physical soil and
water conservation structures
• Wide network of road infrastructure with
improper road drainage - blocked culverts.
• Increase in the number and magnitude of
gullies
• Increased pollution of watercourses, water
reservoirs
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• Result:
rapid dam siltation and power shortages
NALEP: Background information
• NALEP is successor of NSWCP
• NSWCP: NRM with emphasis on land husbandry
• NSWCP reached 1.5 million farmers in 25 years
• Rural afforestation: promoted woodlots and fruit trees
• NSWCP originated PRA as a community mobilisation
tool (catchment approach)
• Need to upscale good lessons of NSWCP: the birth of
NALEP in July 2000.
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• NALEP modified the catchment model into the FAA
• Multi-stakeholder and multi-sectoral approach to
solving complex problems
• NALEP introduced Broad Based Surveys (BBS)
• BBS embraces participatory methodologies
• Its PAPOLD targets the resource poor and the
vulnerable:
– opportunities flagged out that match their resource endowment
• July 2000 - December 2005, NALEP implemented NAEP
• Now implements NASEP as a component of NASEP-IF
• 3450 extension staff from MoA and MLFD
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NALEP objectives
Programme Goal:
• The contribution of agriculture and livestock to social
and economic development and poverty alleviation
enhanced
Purpose
• Pluralistic, efficient, effective and demand-driven
extension services are promoted and functional.
Long-term purpose
• To increase effectiveness of integrated extension
services to farmers, pastoralists and fisherfolk.
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NALEP output areas
Institutional setting
• Create and support local structures for proper
coordination of pluralistic extension services
• Build capacity of extension staff, farmers, pastoralists
and fisherfolk for effective and efficient extension.
Extension approaches
• Adapt and adopt extension approaches to suit local
conditions: staff availability, socio-cultural aspects,
available collaborators.
Technical packages
• Content and choice of extension messages
– NALEP provides extension packages that include value addition
and market support information
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Collaboration and Networking
• Principles of participation, collaboration and partnerships
– Stakeholder Fora (SHF) concept
– Focal Area (FA) concept
– Common Interest Group (CIG) concept
– Extension Group (EG) concept
– Broad Based Surveys (BBS): PAPOLD
Gender and socio-economic issues
• Mainstreaming Gender equality, Advocacy, Rights and
Governance, HIV/AIDS, Alcohol and Drug and other
Substances Abuse and the Environment
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Focal Area Approach (FAA)
• NALEP employs BBS to mobilise farming communities in
putting their problems into context and seek solutions
• BBS embraces participatory methodologies e.g. RRA,
PRA FPR, wealth ranking, PTD, AEA and gender analysis
• FAA promotes the concentration of resources and
efforts in one location of 2000 – 6000 clients for 3 years
• DivSHF identifies the Focal Area to be covered
• DivSHF does community mobilisation using BBS
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• Problem is put into context in 3 perspectives
Ecological perspective
Economic perspective
Social perspective
• Baseline data, information and knowledge are
established
• Community Action Plan (CAP) is developed
• FADC: men, women (30%) and youth are elected
• FADC spearheads implementation of the CAP
• FADC links up with local development agencies
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• NALEP promotes opportunities based on CAP to form CIGs
• CIGs become entry points for interventions.
• CIGs are enterprise based formed on commercial lines.
• SMS ensure that CIGs are empowered to self-sustainability in
sourcing for information and other resources.
• CIGs may not form for services cutting across enterprises
• For such service, Extension groups are formed and capacitated to
offer services to CIGs and individuals
• Environmental conservation falls under Extension group
• In soil and water conservation, commercial activities have resulted
in strong commercial groups akin to CIGs e.g. tree seedling
production and composting.
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Extension group nursery in Machakos which assists in
production of seedlings for reforestation of landscapes
Organizing farmers for SWC mitigation
• The BBS is carried out as described and SWC is well
catered for by supporting the following (upper Tana):
– SWC as a package with benefits of a well conserved
farm
– soil fertility improvement
– soil erosion control through physical structures
– prudent water management
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– Agroforestry to mitigate fuel wood shortage.
In the semi-arid lower Tana Basin, the interventions include:
– Soil water conservation (soil cover to reduce evaporation and
increase infiltration)
– Water harvesting for livestock, crop and domestic use
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Roof catchment
Rock catchment
Road run-off (trenches and water pans)
Bore holes/shallow wells
Irrigation and drainage (dam construction).
• SWC is a mandatory extension package for all staff
• SWC activities such as tree seedling production and
compost manure are promoted with the ultimate
formation of income generating CIGs.
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Extraction of water from shallow wells after
reforestation of the landscapes
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FAA allows for individual targeting
• Resource poor farmers and the
vulnerable
• Progressive farmers
• Opinion leaders
• Individual group members demanding
for FSAP
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During individual farm visits, farmers are encouraged to
constantly maintain their SWC structures to prevent soil
erosion and conserve soil water
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The case for farmers in the
Green Water Credit Scheme
• Poverty alleviation is an element in the overall goal for NALEP.
• Communities in the upper Tana Basin are already mobilised
• Communities in the lower Tana Basin are now on board
• Soil and water conservation measures enumerated for the Tana
Basin will ensure sustainable availability of green water
• The interventions, largely, require external inputs.
• Communities in the upper Tana need incentives to adopt them.
• They require funds to invest in the recommended practices
• They require financial services for proper management of funds
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How NALEP addresses water credit issues
• SHF concept is the entry point for financial
institutions to offer credit to groups and
individuals for
– tree nursery establishment and management
– Water tanks for roof catchment
– Construction of water pans
– Soil and water conservation structures such as terraces,
CODs, artificial water ways, tree planting
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Harvesting of water from the road and using the water
for agricultural production by a member of the Common
interest group. This also encourages soil water
infiltration along the trench where bananas are planted
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• RFI is under pilot through the DSHF to assist
resource poor groups to invest in activities that
generate income while increasing green cover
• The creation of CIGs offer communities with
alternative sources of income, reducing
pressure on exploitation of natural resources
• Extension groups dealing with energy saving
stoves have a profound impact on the
utilization of energy at household levels. The
cumulative saving on fuelwood will leave the
Tana Basin evergreen.
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Conclusion
• NALEP continues to expand and consolidate its gains in
the Tana basin through provision of appropriate
technologies and extension messages to benefit the
more than 6 million inhabitants of the Tana River Basin.
• It initiates and catalyze the formation of local level
institutions (CIGs, EGs, FADCs and SHFs) to be entry
points for service providers in credit and SWC
technologies.
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Thanks for your keen ears
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