Transcript Emission Inventory and Modeling for Air Quality Management

Status of Air Quality Management in
Phnom Penh City, Cambodia
Launch Meeting on
Cambodia And Laos Initiative for Building Human
Resources for the Environment (CALIBRE) Project
May 08 – 09, 2008
Goldiana Hotel, Phnom Penh Cambodia
By
Kok Sothea, MSc.
Contents
1
Introduction
2
General Emission Sources in PNH
3
National Ambient Air Quality Standard
4
5
Air Quality Monitoring
Researches related to Air Pollution
Conclusion
Possible Future Research at DES
2/25
Introduction-Phnom Penh’s Profile
• Location: Phnom Penh
• Area: 375 Km2
• Administrative: 7 Khans (districts)
and 76 Sangkats (communes)
• Population: more than 1.2 million
with 3.9% growth rate
• Population Density: 3,460
persons/Km2
• Climate: Monsoon
• Industry: 8 power plants and 251
factories
• Motors over 400,000 and
140,000 all kinds of automobiles
3/25
Introduction
• Air Pollution: the presence in the outdoor and/or
indoor air of one or more contaminants or
combinations in such concentration and duration,
sufficient to produce measurable adverse effects
on human beings, animals, vegetation or materials.
• The ambient air quality in Cambodia is locally a
growing concern. The swift industrial and urban
development in certain areas in Cambodia,
particularly in Phnom Penh (PHN) city, has
produced the air pollution dilemma.
4/25
General Picture on Emission Sources
The ambient air quality in the urban part of
Cambodia has been affected by:
•
•
•
•
industrialization,
increasing number of transport vehicles,
heavy use of fossil fuels in the energy sector
continued use of biomass fuels for cooking and
heating
• solid waste burning practices
5/25
National Ambient Air Quality Standard
The Royal Government of Cambodia has adopted a subdecree control on Air Pollution and Noise Disturbances (42
ANK/BK) with provision on air quality control and noise
disturbance by producing standards for emissions
Pollutants
(mg/m3)
CO
NO2
SO2
O3
Pb
TSP
1hr
40
0.3
0.5
0.2
-
Averaging Time
8hr
24hr
20
0.1
0.3
0.005
0.33
Annual
0.1
0.1
6/25
Air Quality Monitoring
• Automatic monitoring (online) stations do not exist
• MoE has 4 ground level monitoring stations through
the city namely, Toul Kork (NW), Monivong Bridge
(SE), Olympic Stadium (Central) and Central Market
(NE)
• CO, SO2 and NOx are monthly collected and measured
by using passive samplers
• Pb and other potentially dangerous substances are not
being monitored
7/25
90
3
CO Concentration (mg/m )
3
6
NOx & SOx Concentration (µg/m )
Measured Pollutants Concentration in
PHN, 2005 (MoE, 2006)
CO
NOx
SOx
80
5
70
4
60
50
3
40
2
30
20
1
10
0
0
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
8/25
Researches Related to Air Pollution
(1) Air Pollution in Phnom Penh city (Nov 2000 - Feb
2002), conducted by Department of Hygience, Yokohama
City University and Department of Pollution Control,
Ministry of Environment, Cambodia.
(2) Air Pollution in Phnom Penh: concentration and chemical
composition of ambient particles (March – May 2005)
conducted by the Kanazawa University, Japan and
Department of Geology, Ministry of Industry, Mines and
Energy, Cambodia
(3) Emission Inventory and Modeling for Air Quality
Management in Phnom Penh City (2007) conducted by
Sothea, Department of Environmental Science, RUPP
9/25
(1) Air Pollution in Phnom Penh
• NO2, CO, SO2 and SPM were
monitored by using a passive
tube sampler and high volume
sampler, respectively.
• C0 = 2 mg/m3, SO2 = 50
µg/m3, NO2 = 26.8 µg/m3 and
SPM = 0.41 mg/m3
• This research confirmed that
for most of the pollutants are
still below the national
standards, except the SPM
which were found to be
higher than the standard.
10/25
(2) Air Pollution in Phnom Penh:
Concentration and Chemical
Heavy Metal Concentration
PAH concentration
TSP concentration in day and night
Average PAHs Concentration Sampling
at variusperiod
city
Sampling Site in Phnom Penh City
11/25
(2) Air Pollution in Phnom Penh:
Concentration and Chemical
• Samples of ambient particulates were taken at three
different sites in Phnom Penh and concentrations of TSP,
PAHs and heavy metals were compared to discuss the
influence of day and night, location and country
dependencies.
1) The average concentration of PAHs per particle mass in
Phnom Penh was about 2.5 times higher during the night.
This may be due to emissions from electric generators,
kerosene for light and biomass fuel for cooking.
2) PAHs concentration and partitioning of PAHs in the
residential area were similar to the central downtown but
less concentration of NO2 indicating less influence of
traffic.
12/25
(2) Air Pollution in Phnom Penh:
Concentration and Chemical
3) The PAHs concentrations in Phnom Penh were extremely
high and the partitioning of PAHs are similar to cities in
Thailand: 6 times higher than Bangkok and 40 times higher
than that in Kanazawa, Japan.
13/25
(3) EI & Modeling for UAQM in PNH
 Develop an emission inventory for air
pollution in Phnom Penh city and to assess the
air pollution load from different source types
 Apply a modeling system to produce the
overall picture of air quality in the city
 Propose measures for improvement
on AQM for the city
14/25
Research Methodology
Recommendations
Model Simulation
(MUAIR)
Emission Reduction
Scenarios for Traffic
Emission
EI Development
& Meteorological
Data Preparation
15/25
Emission Inventory in 2005
Sources
Pollutants (Tons/Year)
SOx
NOx
CO
SPM
VOC
Industry
918
1,230
169
195
98
Mobile Source
488
7,600
36,250
539
6,290
25
33
4,440
1,620
2,830
Service Sector
9
26
159
12
35
Solid Waste Burning
4
26
366
70
57
Gasoline Station
-
-
-
-
456
Paved Road
-
-
-
877
-
Unpaved Road
-
-
-
1,770
-
1,440
8,920
41,380
5,080
9,760
Residential Cooking
Total
16/25
First Highest Hourly CO Concentration in 2005
CO concentration of 44
mg/m3, located in the
city center
High population density, traffic
and emission load
Base year with all sources combined
17/25
Quantitative Evaluation
Concentration (mg/m 3)
• Higher CO concentration from monitoring data
 Actual vehicle greater than 35% than registered vehicle
 Monitoring concentration measure at a specific locations and
model results are grid-averaged
 Constant emissions rate are used
 Meteorological data are extrapolated from 3h average
Cmodel
Cmeasured (Average)
Cmeasured
Maximum concentration
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
1
2
3
4
5
Minimum concentration
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
Month
18/25
Qualitative Evaluation
24000
22000
45
20000
42
39
18000
36
33
16000
30
27
14000
24
21
18
12000
15
12
10000
9
6
8000
3
0
6000
Flow Direction
4000
2000
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000 12000 14000 16000 18000 20000
05
3
2
19
0.0
0
302.2
6
05
3
2
20
0.0
0
302.2
6
05
3
2
21
0.0
0
302.2
6
05
3
2
22
0.0
0
298.9
6
05
3
2
23
0.0
0
298.9
6
05
3
2
24
0.0
0
298.9
6
05
3
3
1
202.5
1
298.3
6
Highest CO concentration occur in the
first day of March at 22:00 hrs with
wind-speed less than 1 m/s and at a
stable condition
Thus,MUAIR produces CO concentration
in a reasonable agreement with
monitoring data and following the
pattern as well as emission distribution.
19/25
CO Emission Loads Under Scenarios
No effort to reduce the
emission
Maximum
emission load
Significant CO
emission reduction
20/25
Other Pollutants Emissions Under Scenarios
High NOx emission;
26,070 tons
High VOC emission
reduction; 7,410 tons
21/25
Maximum CO concentration under
scenarios
Concentration (mg/m 3)
Exceeding the standard
of 40 mg/m3
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Hourly Standard
2005 (base year)
All Sources
2010 (traffic)
BAU
2015 (traffic)
Bio-Diesel
2020 (traffic)
CNG
MTS
Bring in a very significant CO reduction  CO
concentration under the acceptable level
22/25
Conclusions
• Chemical composition of SPM is a major concern for
the city of PHN
• Emissions from mobile sources are a major contributor
to the air pollution in PHN, therefore priority should be
given to control these emissions.
• Maximum hourly CO concentration for all sources
emissions approached 44 mg/m3 which exceed the
NAAQS of Cambodia of 40mg/m3.
• The CO concentration level will increase from two to
three times under BAU from 2005 to 2020.
• The MTS option shows a satisfactory reduction of CO
concentration within period from 2005 to 2020.
23/25
Possible Future Research at DES
The proposal has been submitted for a grant from SIDA
for the topic “ Improving Air Quality in Cambodia” with
the following objectives:
•
To conduct ground level monitoring for PM2.5 and its
composition for source apportionment study by receptor
modeling
•
To develop/update the emission inventory for Phnom Penh
city
•
To use modeling tools for air quality management to
develop management strategies
•
To contribute to development of the national air quality
management policies with consideration of regional air
quality issue including LRT
24/25