Transcript Document

Dispelling the
CE Mark Myth:
What’s Required
for European
Compliance
December 12, 2003
Washington Laboratories (301) 417-0220 web: www.wll.com
7560 Lindbergh Dr. Gaithersburg, MD 20879
What is EMC?
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EMC: Electromagnetic Compatibility
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Emissions: Unwanted radiated and
conducted electrical energy
Immunity: Undesirable response to
external electrical energy
EMI: Electromagnetic Interference
Elements of an EMI Situation
• Source "Culprit"
• Coupling method "Path"
• Sensitive device "Victim"
VICTIM
SOURCE
PATH
How Does EMI Affect Electronics?
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Radiated and conducted interference
• Conducted Interference Enters and Exits Equipment through
Wiring and Cabling
• Radiated Interference Enters and Exits Equipment through
Wiring and Enclosure Penetration
Radiated Susceptibility
Conducted Susceptibility
Radiated Emissions
Conducted Emissions
Radiated Coupling Field to Cable
Radio
Electromagnetic Wave
Patient Monitor
VC
M
Loop Area
Induced Current
Interference to TV Reception
No Interference
Two Interfering Signals Injected into TV
Transients
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Electrostatic Discharge & Transient Pulses
ESD can induce “glitches” in circuits, leading to false
triggering, errors in address & data lines and latch-up of
devices
• Upset
• Damage
• Degradation leading to future failure(s)
PERSONAL COMPUTERS &
PERIPHERALS, RADIO RECEIVERS
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Method #1Test at Approved Laboratory
Declaration of Conformity. Does not go to the FCC
Test Product at
approved
Laboratory
Report with
Technical
Information
Declaration of
Conformity
Sell Product
RADIO TRANSMITTERS
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Examples
Cordless Phones, Radio Transmitters, CB Radios, Wireless Products
CERTIFICATION:
Test Product
Report with
Technical
Information
Send Report and
Application to
FCC or TCB
FCC GRANT
with FCC ID Number
Sell Product
EUROPEAN REQUIREMENTS
Top US Markets
Top 10 Export Markets for US Products
Canada
Mexico
Japan
United Kingdom
Federal Rep Germany
France
Netherlands
Korea, South
China
Taiwan
OVERVIEW OF
EUROPEAN REQUIREMENTS
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Terms and Definitions
Comparison with US Standards
Options for Conformity
Technical Requirements
Use of the CE Mark
TERMS & DEFINITIONS
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European Directive
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Legal Document adopted by EC Council of Ministers
Must be adopted into National Law by each EC member state
Does not call out technical standards; refers to private
standards-making bodies to draw up product standards
European Norm (EN)
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Harmonized Standard: Common Standard used for
determining conformity
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Committee process
ENs based on existing standards (CISPR, IEC)
Must be adopted into National Standards by each EC
Member state
CENELEC (Comite Europeen de Normalisation Electrotechnique)
• European Committee for Electrotechnical
Standardization: responsible for generating European
Norms
CE: Communaute Europeenne
REASONS FOR COMPLIANCE
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Regulatory Requirements
• Domestic
• EMC: FCC Requirements
• Penalties:
• $7000/occurrence
• Bellcore
• European:
• EMC: EMC Directive
• Military/Aerospace
• Functionality and Mission Success
NEW APPROACH DIRECTIVES
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Objective: Elimination of Technical Barriers
New Approach calls out Essential Requirements
Technical Details Left to Committees
• Harmonization of European Norms (Standards)
• CENELEC
Conformity to European Norms demonstrates compliance
Products meeting essential requirements eligible for CE
Marking
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EUROPEAN DIRECTIVES
Directive
Mandatory Date:
Low Voltage (73/23/EEC) Amended by 93/68/EEC
Simple Pressure Vessels (87/404/EEC) Amended by 90/488/EEC
Toy Safety (88/378/EEC) Amended by 93/68/EEC
Construction Products (89/106/EEC) Amended by 93/68/EEC
EMC (89/336/EEC) Amended by 93/68/EEC
Machinery (89/392/EEC) Amended by 93/68/EEC
Personal Protective Equipment (89/686/EEC)
Non-Automatic Weighing Instruments (90/384/EEC) Amended by 93/68/EEC
Gas Appliances (90/396/EEC) Amended by 93/68/EEC
Telecommunications Terminal Equipment (91/263/EEC)
Amended by 93/68/EEC
Hot Water Boilers (92/42/EEC) Amended by 93/68/EEC
Medical Devices (93/42/EEC)
Satellite Earth Station Equipment (93/97/EEC)
Explosive Atmospheres (94/9/EEC)
Recreational Craft (94/25/EEC)
Radio and Telecommunications Terminal Equipment Directive
1/1/97
7/1/92
1/1/97
1/1/97
1/1/96
1/1/95
6/30/95
1/11/02
1/1/95
1/1/96
1/1/97
6/13/98
NONE
6/30/03
6/15/98
4/1/01
THE EMC DIRECTIVE
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89/336/EEC: The EMC Directive
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Adopted 1989 by Council of the European
Communities
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Original Implementation 1 January 1992
Amended by 92/31/EEC
Affects all products to be placed on the Market
Calls out essential “protection requirements” which
include emissions as well as susceptibility
Does not call out specifications or standards
“New Approach Directive”
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Essential Protection Requirements
Allows Self-Certification
”CE” Marking certifying product’s conformance
APPLICATION OF
THE EMC DIRECTIVE
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“Electrical Apparatus” Covered
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Exceptions: components, large installations and
devices that must comply with other Directives that
address EMC (e.g., telecommunications)
Member states adopt ENs
Penalties for non-compliance
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Country-by-Country basis.
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Example: UK Requirements:
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Fines up to £5000
Up to 3 months imprisonment for misuse of CE mark
Forfeiture of equipment
COMPLIANCE WITH
EUROPEAN DIRECTIVES
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Product-Specific Standards
or use
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Generic Standards
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Use Generic Requirements if ProductSpecific Standards do not exist
Conformity Assessment Options
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Declaration of Conformity
Technical Construction File
CE Marking
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Implementation of the CE Marking:
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Must be affixed to:
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Product
Packaging
Instructions for use, OR
Guarantee certificate
Can be used with other marks providing they
do not reduce the visibility and legibility of the
mark
The marking may include:
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The identification of a notified body involved in
assessment
R&TTE
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Covers the following aspects:
• Efficient use of spectrum
• EMC
• Safety
R&TTE Approval Process
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CE Marking by manufacturer is allowed
Self-Declaration for many products
Reduced approval procedures and
processes
Harmonized standards developed
Faster, cheaper, more market coverage
for SME
CONDUCTED EMISSIONS TESTING
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Measure Noise on Power Line
Product
Spectrum Analyzer
Power
Cord
LISN
RADIATED EMISSIONS TESTING
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Test Site: Measure Radiated
Noise from Equipment Case
and Cables
Open Area Test Site
Spectrum
Analyzer
Product
3 m or 10 m
Turntable
Measuring Antenna
RADIATED EMISSIONS TESTING
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Test Site: Measure Radiated
Noise from Equipment Case
and Cables
Open Area Test Site
Spectrum
Analyzer
Product
3 m or 10 m
Turntable
Measuring Antenna
Photos: EMC Test System, Austin, TX emctest.com
Typical Ambient Profile
Cell phone
Switching noise
FM Radio
Immunity Test Requirements
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1000-4 Series
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IEC 61000-4-1: Introduction
IEC 61000-4- 2: Electrostatic Discharge Requirements
IEC 61000-4- 3: Radiated Immunity
IEC 61000-4- 4: Electrical Fast Transient
IEC 61000-4- 5: Surge
IEC 61000-4- 6: Conducted RF Immunity
IEC 61000-4-7: Interharmonics
IEC 61000-4-8 & 9: Magnetic field immunity
IEC 61000-4-10: Damped Oscillatory pulsed field
immunity
IEC 61000-4-11: Dips & Interrupts (“power quality”)
IEC 61000-4-12: Damped Oscillatory (surge)
ESD Testing
ESD Simulator
Anechoic Chamber
www.emctest.com
EFT Testing
EFT Generator
EFT Clamp
Ground Plane
Surge Coupling
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Lightning and pulse sources cause highenergy transients into power and data
cables
Direct
Indirect
Voltage Dips & Interrupts
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IEC 1000-4-11
• Simulates brownouts and blackouts on equipment
operation
• Voltage Dip:
• Voltage Interrupt:
A Tester’s Perspective
Radiated Emissions: Consumes at least
1/2 of all testing and re-engineering time
required for passing most EMC programs
• Most Common Failures (in approximate
order of occurrence):
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1. Radiated Emissions
2. Conducted Emissions
3. ESD
4. Radiated and/or conducted immunity
5. Surge
6. EFTs
Reach us
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Washington Laboratories, Ltd.
7560 Lindbergh Drive
Gaithersburg, Maryland 20879
Phone: 800/839-1649
Fax: 301/417-9069
Email: [email protected]
www.wll.com