Transcript Thermo-hydraulique

Avancées en
Modélisation de la
Turbulence
SFEN ST 6
CFD pour conception &
sureté des réacteurs,
Chatou, le 29 Avril 2009
D. Laurence &
F. Archambeau, MFEE
What is new in Turbulent Modelling?
…. Computers work more so modellers can sit back
• Osborne Reynolds (1895): RANS “Re Averaged Navier Stokes”
=> exact expression for the production of stresses (&fluxes),
• Joseph Valentin Boussinesq (1897) Eddy Viscosity
• Ludwig Prandtl (1925): mixing length
• Andrei Komogorov (1942): energy cascade
production – dissipation scales separation
• LES
1 4
 3 
Joseph Smagorinsky (1964):
Lt 
and 0   

 
1980-1990 Stanford CTR, Kim, Moin, Moser, Ferziger, Piomelli
…
k 3 2
• k-eps : Jones & Launder (1972), Launder & Sharma (1974),
• Re Stress Transport: Launder, Reece, Rodi (1975), Speziale Sarkar Gatsky(1991)
• 2000 – 2009 , lower cost HPC => LES for everyone and everything ?
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LES preamble: Only Large Scales Matter
(most of the time)

Large Scales & Human activity
 Drag, mixing, heat transfer, chem. reactions …

Large Scales dictate physics
 Generated by/scale with obstacle
 Impose dissipation rate

Exceptions: noise, combustion, 2-phase flows
…and NEAR WALLs !
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LES => great, colourful results …
IF .. the mesh is such that large scales are well captured
(which means ... solution is already known ?)
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Under-Resolved Channel LES
Coarse-mesh LES is more dangerous than coarse RANS !
Channel Flow LES on structured grid
at Re*=395 (Re*=y+ at centre )
From N. Jarrin 2006 www.cfdtm.org
% error on friction
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Detached Eddy Simulation (DES)
Scale Adaptive Simulation (SAS)
- LES limitation: too strongly dependent on mesh, unreliable for true “predictions”
- Hybrid RANS-LES methods developed in EU AEROSPACE project DESIDER 2004-2007.
- Validation limited to aerodynamics, seems premature for Reactor thermal hydraulics !
“SAS-SST model formulation dos not involve the grid spacing, it avoids the undefined model regimes of
DES. In case of overly coarse grids, the model reverts back to the underlying RANS formulation.
Fig. 5.2: The SST-SAS model can represent the true nature of the flow, by allowing a break-down of the
turbulent structures into a spectrum (down to the grid limit)”
From “Best Practice Guidelines for the use of CFD in Nuclear Reactor Safety Applications” OECD NEA
workgroup on CFD in reactor studies www.nea.fr/html/nsd/csni/cfd.htm
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Flow ventilation of room with release of passive scalar
DES error
SAS error
RANS error
From Dr S. Gant. 'Challenges in validation of unsteady modeling approaches (DES/SAS/URANS)‘
presented at: http://cfd.mace.manchester.ac.uk/Main/KnooWorkshop
To appear http://www.hse.gov.uk/ and J Flow, Turbulence and Combustion
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Better RANS models to predict Length scales
 Kolmogorov lengthscale

 
  
 
3
1
f 
Taylor microscale
 Turbulent energy scale:
Lturb 
4
k
3
2u 2
 u1 
 
 x1 
2
2

First 3 are only “models” but can be obtained from “good” RANS models(*)
 “True” Taylor and Integral scale are only given by
2 point correlations, i.e. curvature
and integral, e.g.:

1
L11  x, t  
R11  e1r , x, t  dr

R11  0, x, t  0
More work needed to extract “true” scales from DNS or expt. and test predictions
from recent advanced RANS models
(*) e.g. SST model in a simple channel flow will dramatically underestimate
k near wall by a factor 2-3, and over-estimate lenghscale at centre by a factor 2!
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Channel flow LES with “Taylor scale” mesh,
N total = 0.44 Million , Re = 395
U
U
y+
y/h
y+
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Unstructured meshing strategy for LES
a)
Possible FV near-wall refinements: a) dichotomy, b) non-conforming, c) & d) polyhedral & zoom
Lenghtscale predicted by PRECURSOR RANS, then L= (k**3/2)/eps
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Conclusions
 Can we design next gen. nuclear power plants using LES/DES ?
 Errors can be much larger than in RANS
Beware vast majority of LES are “post-dictions”, or “explanations”
how many failed LES were never published ?
 Mesh influence is tremendous
LES quality criteria progressing (see Q-LES workshops B. Guerts
et al.) but trial and error most expensive with LES
 Use “good” RANS model as precursor for LES feasibility study
and mesh generation (but more user practice and control and over
meshing software is needed)
 Progress in RANS-LES coupling (google ANR STURM4)
 RANS models are progressing quietly but surely (elliptic blending,
algebraic structure based models… ), but no time to present…
 Beyond “cold / aerodynamic” flows “good” RANS models will still
be major engineering tool for complex physics
(2 phases flows, near wall effects, heat transfer, combustion, natural convection)
which need more than just eddy viscosity predictions
(time-scales, lenghtscales, anisotropy…)
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Zonal modelling / RANS-LES coupling
- LES community very active
on this topic
- First idea (DES) reduce
viscosity when turbulent scale > cells
- Bad transition region (kink)
where RANS viscosity
is reduced but resolved
structures are still
too weak
Current solution is to OVERLAP
RANS and LES
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Zonal RANS-LES coupling, Uribe model
Re Cells
395 40x30x30
590 40x40x30
1100 50x50x40
2000 50x50x40
4000 64x80x64
Uribe, J., Jarrin, N., Prosser, R., Laurence, D. 2009
"Two velocities hybrid RANS-LES of a trailing edge flow". J. Flow,
Turbulence and Combustion.
y+ @ y+ @
Dx+ Dz+ f=0.5 f=0.99
59 39
26
158
88 59
32
184
140 88
46
266
256 160
83
485
400 200
99
574
Integral length scales in channel flow
Turbulent energy scale is easy RANS “model”
but does not represent true (2 point correlation) integral scale for channel flow
Lturb 
k
3
2

1- x : streamwise 2- y : wall normal 3 – z :
spanwise
streaks
Addad, Y.,Gaitonde, U., Laurence, D., Rolfo, S. Optimal unstructured
meshing for large eddy simulations, ERCOFTAC Series, Springer,
Quality and Reliability of Large-Eddy Simulations. Meyers, Geurts &
Sagaut, (Eds.), Vol. 12, pp. 93-103.
Solid: stream-wise separation
Dashed: span-wise separation
Near wall RANS model developments – heated pipe
1.5
1.3
Nu/Nu 0
1.1
Launder & Sharma Model (CONVERT)
Cotton & Ismael Model (CONVERT)
Suga Non-Linear Eddy Viscosity Model (CONVERT)
Lien-Chen-Leschziner k-eps Model (STAR-CD)
k-omega-SST Model (STAR-CD)
Lien & Durbin v2f Model (STAR-CD)
k-omega-SST Model (Code_Saturne)
Manchester v2f Model (Code_Saturne)
Large Eddy Simulation (STAR-CD)
DNS - You et al (2003)
0.9
0.7
0.5
buoyancy aiding
0.3
0.01
15
0.1
1
Bo
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