Transcript Slide 1

Chapter 2
Introduction to CFD
Introductory FLUENT Training
Sharif University of Technology
Lecturer: Ehsan Saadati
[email protected]
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Introduction to CFD
What is CFD?
Training Manual
• Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is the science of predicting fluid flow,
heat and mass transfer, chemical reactions, and related phenomena by
solving numerically the set of governing mathematical equations
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Conservation of mass
Conservation of momentum
Conservation of energy
Conservation of species
Effects of body forces
Etc.
• The results of CFD analyses are relevant in:
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Conceptual studies of new designs
Detailed product development
Troubleshooting
Redesign
• CFD analysis complements testing and experimentation by reducing total
effort and cost required for experimentation and data acquisition.
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Introduction to CFD
How Does CFD Work?
Training Manual
• ANSYS CFD solvers are based on the
finite volume method
– Domain is discretized into a finite set of
control volumes
– General conservation (transport) equations
for mass, momentum, energy, species, etc.
are solved on this set of control volumes
Unsteady
Convection
Diffusion
– Partial differential equations are
discretized into a system of algebraic
equations
– All algebraic equations are then solved
numerically to render the solution field
Generation
Control
Volume*
Fluid region of pipe flow is
discretized into a finite set
of control volumes.
Equation Variable
Continuity
1
X momentum
u
Y momentum
v
Z momentum
w
Energy
h
* FLUENT control volumes are cell-centered (i.e. they correspond
directly with the mesh) while CFX control volumes are node-centered
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Introduction to CFD
CFD Modeling Overview
• Problem Identification
Problem Identification
1.
Define goals
2.
Identify domain
Training Manual
1. Define your modeling goals
2. Identify the domain you will model
• PreProcessing and Solver Execution
Geometry
4.
Mesh
5.
Physics
6.
Solver Settings
Solve
7.
Compute solution
Post Processing
8.
Examine results
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9.
3.
Update Model
Pre-Processing
3. Create a solid model to represent the
domain
4. Design and create the mesh (grid)
5. Set up the physics (physical models,
material properties, domain properties,
boundary conditions, …)
6. Define solver settings (numerical
schemes, convergence controls, …)
7. Compute and monitor the solution
• Post-Processing
8. Examine the results.
9. Consider revisions to the model.
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Introduction to CFD
1. Define Your Modeling Goals
Training Manual
Problem Identification
1.
Define goals
2.
Identify domain
• What results are you looking for (i.e. pressure drop, mass flow rate),
and how will they be used?
– What are your modeling options?
• What physical models will need to be included in your analysis (i.e. turbulence,
compressibility, radiation)?
• What simplifying assumptions do you have to make?
• What simplifying assumptions can you make (i.e. symmetry, periodicity)?
• Do you require a unique modeling capability?
– User-defined functions (written in C) in FLUENT or User FORTRAN functions in CFX
• What degree of accuracy is required?
• How quickly do you need the results?
• Is CFD an appropriate tool?
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Introduction to CFD
2. Identify the Domain You Will Model
Training Manual
Problem Identification
1.
Define goals
2.
Identify domain
• How will you isolate a piece of the
complete physical system?
• Where will the computational
domain begin and end?
Domain of Interest
– Do you have boundary condition
as Part of a Larger
information at these boundaries?
System (not modeled)
– Can the boundary condition types
accommodate that information?
– Can you extend the domain to a
point where reasonable data exists?
• Can it be simplified or approximated
as a 2D or axisymmetric problem?
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Domain of interest
isolated and meshed
for CFD simulation.
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Introduction to CFD
3. Create a Solid Model of the Domain
Training Manual
Pre-Processing
3.
Geometry
4.
Mesh
5.
Physics
6.
Solver Settings
• How will you obtain a solid model of the
fluid region?
– Make use of existing CAD models?
• Extract the fluid region from a solid part?
– Create from scratch?
• Can you simplify the geometry?
– Remove unnecessary features that would
complicate meshing (fillets, bolts…)?
– Make use of symmetry or periodicity?
• Are both the solution and boundary conditions
symmetric / periodic?
• Do you need to split the model so that
boundary conditions or domains can be
created?
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Solid model of a
Headlight Assembly
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Introduction to CFD
4. Design and Create the Mesh
A mesh divides a geometry into
many elements. These are used by
the CFD solver to construct control
volumes
Pre-Processing
3.
Geometry
4.
Meshing
5.
Physics
6.
Solver Settings
Triangle
Training Manual
• What degree of mesh resolution is required in
each region of the domain?
Quadrilateral
– The mesh must resolve geometric features of
interest and capture gradients of concern, e.g.
velocity, pressure, temperature gradients
– Can you predict regions of high gradients?
– Will you use adaption to add resolution?
• What type of mesh is most appropriate?
Tetrahedron
Hexahedron
– How complex is the geometry?
– Can you use a quad/hex mesh or is a tri/tet or
hybrid mesh suitable?
– Are non-conformal interfaces needed?
• Do you have sufficient computer resources?
Pyramid
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Prism/Wedge
– How many cells/nodes are required?
– How many physical models will be used?
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Tri/Tet vs. Quad/Hex Meshes
Training Manual
• For flow-aligned geometries,
quad/hex meshes can provide
higher-quality solutions with fewer
cells/nodes than a comparable tri/tet
mesh
– Quad/Hex meshes show reduced
numerical diffusion when the mesh is
aligned with the flow.
– It does require more effort to
generate a quad/hex mesh
• Meshing tools designed for a
specific application can streamline
the process of creating a quad/hex
mesh for some geometries.
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Tri/Tet vs. Quad/Hex Meshes
Training Manual
• For complex geometries, quad/hex meshes
show no numerical advantage, and you
can save meshing effort by using a tri/tet
mesh or hybrid mesh
– Quick to generate
– Flow is generally not aligned with the mesh
• Hybrid meshes typically combine tri/tet
elements with other elements in selected
regions
– For example, use wedge/
prism elements to resolve
boundary layers.
– More efficient and accurate
than tri/tet alone.
Wedge (prism) mesh
Tetrahedral mesh
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Multizone (or Hybrid) Meshes
Training Manual
• A multizone or hybrid mesh uses
different meshing methods in different
regions. For example,
Model courtesy of ROI Engineering
– Hex mesh for fan and heat sink
– Tet/prism mesh elsewhere
• Multizone meshes yield a good
combination of accuracy, efficient
calculation time and meshing effort.
• When the nodes do not match across
the regions, a non-conformal interface
can be used.
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Introduction to CFD
Non-Conformal Meshes
Training Manual
• Non conformal meshes are useful
for meshing complex geometries
Non-conformal
interface
– Mesh each part then join together
• Non conformal interfaces are also
used in other situations
– Change in reference frames
– Moving mesh applications
3D Film Cooling
Coolant is injected into a duct from a
plenum. The plenum is meshed with
tetrahedral cells while the duct is
meshed with hexahedral cells
Compressor and Scroll
The compressor and scroll are joined through a
non conformal interface. This serves to connect
the hex and tet meshes and also allows a change
in reference frame
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Introduction to CFD
Set Up the Physics and Solver Settings
Pre-Processing
3.
Geometry
4.
Mesh
5.
Physics
6.
Solver Settings
For complex problems
solving a simplified or 2D
problem will provide
valuable experience with the
models and solver settings
for your problem in a short
amount of time.
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Training Manual
• For a given problem, you will need to:
– Define material properties
• Fluid
• Solid
• Mixture
– Select appropriate physical models
• Turbulence, combustion, multiphase, etc.
– Prescribe operating conditions
– Prescribe boundary conditions at all
boundary zones
– Provide initial values or a previous solution
– Set up solver controls
– Set up convergence monitors
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Introduction to CFD
Compute the Solution
Solve
7.
Compute solution
Training Manual
• The discretized conservation equations are
solved iteratively until convergence.
• Convergence is reached when:
– Changes in solution variables from one iteration
to the next are negligible.
• Residuals provide a mechanism to help
monitor this trend.
– Overall property conservation is achieved
• Imbalances measure global conservation
– Quantities of interest (e.g. drag, pressure drop)
have reach steady values.
• Monitor points track quantities of interest.
• The accuracy of a converged solution is
dependent upon:
A converged and meshindependent solution on a wellposed problem will provide useful
engineering results!
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– Appropriateness and accuracy of physical models.
– Mesh resolution and independence
– Numerical errors
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Introduction to CFD
Post Processing
8.
9. Update Model
Examine the Results
Training Manual
• Examine the results to review solution
and extract useful data
Examine results
– Visualization Tools can be used to
answer such questions as:
• What is the overall flow pattern?
• Is there separation?
• Where do shocks, shear layers, etc.
form?
• Are key flow features being resolved?
– Numerical Reporting Tools can be used
to calculate quantitative results:
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Forces and Moments
Average heat transfer coefficients
Surface and Volume integrated quantities
Flux Balances
Examine results to ensure property conservation
and correct physical behavior. High residuals
may be caused by just a few poor quality cells.
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Introduction to CFD
Post Processing
8.
Examine results
9. Update Model
Consider Revisions to the Model
Training Manual
• Are the physical models appropriate?
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Is the flow turbulent?
Is the flow unsteady?
Are there compressibility effects?
Are there 3D effects?
• Are the boundary conditions correct?
– Is the computational domain large enough?
– Are boundary conditions appropriate?
– Are boundary values reasonable?
• Is the mesh adequate?
– Can the mesh be refined to improve results?
– Does the solution change significantly with a refined
mesh, or is the solution mesh independent?
– Does the mesh resolution of the geometry need to be
improved?
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Introduction to CFD
Models Available in FLUENT 12
Training Manual
• Fluid flow and heat transfer
– Momentum, continuity, energy
equations
– Radiation
• Turbulence
– RANS-based models (SpalartAllmaras, k–ε, k–ω, Reynolds stress)
– Large-eddy simulation (LES) and
detached eddy simulation (DES)
• Species transport
• Volumetric reactions
Pressure Contours in Near-Ground Flight
– Arrhenius finite-rate chemistry
– Turbulent fast chemistry
• Eddy Dissipation, non-Premixed,
premixed, partially premixed
– Turbulent finite-rate chemistry
• EDC, laminar flamelet, composition
PDF transport
– Surface Reactions
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Temperature Contours for Kiln Burner Retrofit
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Models Available in FLUENT 12
• Multiphase flows
– Discrete Phase Model (DPM)
– Volume of Fluid (VOF) model for
immiscible fluids
– Mixtures
– Eulerian-Eulerian and Euleriangranular
– Liquid/Solid and cavitation phase
change
Training Manual
ThreePhase
Inlet
Gas
outlet
Contours of Oil Volume Fraction
in a Three-Phase Separator
Water
outlet
Oil
outlet
• Moving and deforming mesh
– Moving zones
• Single and multiple reference frames
(MRF)
• Mixing plane model
• Sliding mesh model
– Moving and deforming (dynamic)
mesh (MDM)
• User-defined scalar transport
equations
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Pressure Contours in a Squirrel Cage
Blower (Courtesy Ford Motor Co.)
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Introduction to CFD
FLUENT CFD Workflow under Workbench 2
Training Manual
• Start ANSYS Workbench
• Drag the Fluid Flow (FLUENT)
system from Analysis Systems
group in the Toolbox onto
preview drop target shown in
the Project Schematic.
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Introduction to CFD
Import the Geometry
Training Manual
• Right-click on Geometry cell A2 and select Import Geometry
• Import the geometry file (CAD model or DesignModeler .agdb file)
• You can also link the FLUENT simulation to an existing
DesignModeler session.
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Introduction to CFD
Generate a Mesh
Training Manual
• Right-click on Mesh cell and select Edit.
– Meshing opens and loads geometry
• Select Mesh under Model in Outline
– Note that Preferences are automatically set
for FLUENT, because Meshing was opened
from a FLUENT system.
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Introduction to CFD
Define Boundary and Cell Zones
Training Manual
• Create boundary zones using Named
selections.
– Select the surface which will
represent the boundary you wish
to set.
– Right-click the selection and select
Create Named Selection.
– Name the selection and click OK.
• You will also need to define the
regions of the flow containing fluid
and solid (if any).
velocit
y inlet
– Solids are required for conjugate
heat transfer calculations only.
– More details will be presented
later.
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Introduction to CFD
Set Up and Run FLUENT
Training Manual
• Edit the Setup cell to set up the model options
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Boundary conditions
Solver settings
Solution
Post processing
• Once run, the solution can then be either post processed in FLUENT
or data exported to CFD-Post for post processing
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Contour and vector plots
Profile plots
Calculation of forces and moments
Animation of unsteady flow results
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Introduction to CFD
Demonstration of FLUENT Software
Training Manual
• Start FLUENT (assume the mesh has
already been generated).
– Set up a simple problem.
– Solve the flow field.
– Postprocess the results.
• Online help and documentation is
available on each panel by pressing
the help button
– Requires that you have the
documentation installed and properly
connected to your web browser.
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Introduction to CFD
Navigating the PC at Fluent
Training Manual
• Log in to your workstation
– Login name:
fluent
– Password: fluent
• Directories
– Tutorial mesh/case/data files can be found in
c:\Student Files\fluent\tut\
– We recommend that you save your work into a central working folder:
c:\users
– Working folder shown on the desktop is a shortcut to c:\users
• To start FLUENT and/or Workbench, use the desktop icons.
• Your support engineer will save your work at the end of the week.
• It is recommended that you restart FLUENT and/or Workbench for
each tutorial to avoid mixing solver settings from different
workshops.
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