Transcript History of Health Care - Lemon Bay High School

HAP 2012-2013
Susan Chabot
Early ideas
• Linked disease with
evil spirits.
• Treatment involved
ridding the patient of
the evil spirit.
• Treatment was
provided by clergy or
witch doctors.
4000 BC - 3000 BC
Primitive times
• Illness and disease caused by
supernatural spirits/demons.
• Ceremonies used to drive-out evil
spirits.
• Herbs and plants were used for
medication.
• Skeletal evidence demonstrates
surgery.
• Average life span = 20 years.
Trepanation
• Involved cutting a small hole in the skull with
a special instrument.
• Used to treat headaches, skull fractures,
epilepsy, and mental illness.
• Procedure lasted into the Middle Ages.
Peru, 7000 BC
Peru, 6000 BC.
2000 BC – 300 BC
Ancient Egypt
• Earliest known health records.
• Offerings to gods for healing.
• Use of blood-letting and leeches as
treatment.
• Herbs and plants used as medicine
Ancient papyrus
• Average life span = 20 to 30 years.
Imhotep
1700 BC – 220 AD
Ancient Chinese
• Monitored pulse rate to determine
the condition of the body.
• Believed in curing whole body by
curing the spirit and nourishment:
Yin and Yang
• First recorded “pharmacy” of
herbs.
• Average life span = 20 - 30 yrs.
1200 BC – 200 BC
Ancient Greeks
Hippocrates
• The start of the Hippocratic tradition
“will cause no harm to the patient”.
• Believed illness the result of natural
causes.
• Introduced concept that good diet and
cleanliness prevented disease.
• Average life span = 25 to 35 years.
753 BC – 410 AD
Ancient Romans
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Organized medical care for wounded soldiers.
Separation of well and sick.
Public health and sanitation systems.
Diet, exercise and medication used to treat
disease.
• Average life span = 25 to 35 years.
Surgical hooks
400 – 800 AD
Dark Ages
• Study of medicine was prohibited.
• Prayer used to treat disease.
• Monks and priests provided care.
• Average life span = 20 to 30 years.
800 – 1400 AD
Middle Ages
• Medical universities open in
the 9th century.
• Pandemic of bubonic plague
occurred.
• Chemistry advances in
pharmacology.
• Average life span =
20 to 35 years.
The Black Death
• Infectious disease caused by bacterium.
• Estimated to have killed 25 million people.
• Spread by fleas that fed on rats and
humans.
• Mongol soldiers catapulted infected
corpses over city walls in acts of biowarfare.
Gangrene on
fingertips
1350 – 1650 AD
Renaissance
• Dissection allowed for better
understanding of A&P.
• Artists used dissection to give
art a more realistic look.
David, by Michelangelo
da Vinci
• Average life span = 30 to
40 years.
Andreas Vesalius
1514-1564
• Illustrated and published
first anatomy book.
• Performed intricate
dissections and drew what
he observed.
16th and 17th Centuries
• Causes of disease still unknown.
• Many died from infection and childbirth fever.
• Apothecaries made, prescribed, and sold
medications.
• Average life span = 35 to 45 years.
Mortar & pestle
Ambroise Pare
1510-1590
• French surgeon, known as the Father of Modern Surgery.
• Introduced amputation to treat soldiers.
• Began using ligatures to
stop bleeding and bind
arteries instead of boilingoil cauterization.
• Promoted use of
artificial limbs.
Anton van Leeuwenhoek
1632-1723
• Invented an early microscope.
18th Century
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Fahrenheit created first mercury thermometer.
Priestly discovered the element oxygen.
Ben Franklin invented bifocals for glasses.
Jenner developed first smallpox vaccine.
• Average life span = 40 – 50 years.
Edward Jenner
1749-1823
• Used cowpox exposure to vaccinate against
smallpox.
19th Century
• First use of anesthetic for surgeries.
• International Red Cross was founded in 1863.
• Discovery of bacterial causes of disease.
• 1819:
1819:
• 1865:
• 1892:
• 1895:
First successful human blood transfusion
Rene Laennec invented the stethoscope.
First use of antiseptics during surgery.
Discovery of viruses by Dimitri Ivanfski.
X-rays discovered by Wilhelm Roentgen.
• Average life span = 40 – 60 years.
You name it, it happened!
• 1901: ABO blood
groups identified
• 1920: Health insurance
plans are introduced.
• 1928: Fleming
discovered penicillin
• 1952: Development of
the polio vaccine.
• 1953: DNA structure
described by Watson &
Crick.
• 1954: First kidney
transplant.
• 1962: First severed arm
reattached.
• 1963: First liver
transplant.
• 1964: First lung
transplant.
• 1968; First heart
transplant.
• 1970: First synthesized
gene.
• 1975: Amniocentesis
used to diagnose birth
defects in-utero.
And more!
Dolly
Introduction of sperm into egg cytoplasm
• 1978: First test tube baby.
• 1981: AIDS appeared in
the population.
• 1982: Artificial heart is
implanted in human.
• 1984: HIV identified.
• 1990: Gene therapy used
to treat disease.
• 1990’s: Human Genome The Human Genome Project
Project begins
• 1997: Dolly the sheep is
cloned.
Jarvik-7 artifical heart
Potential
• Gene manipulation to
prevent inherited
diseases/Designer babies.
• Slow the aging process.
• Treatment for spinal cord
injuries.
• Improved transplantation
techniques.
• Increased average life
• Reduced antibiotic
span to 90+ years.
resistance.
• Computerized body parts.
• Increased cloning activities.