Transcript Dia 1 - Rovaniemi

Cross-border opportunities in the Barents Region:
A new scope for action in the high north
PhD Regis Rouge-Oikarinen
Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Lapland [email protected]
Rovaniemi 24.8.2011
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Key lecture Outline
1.
2.
3.
4.
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Borderlands and barriers in the
Barents Region ;
CBC and founding programs in the
High North;
Thinking and working transnationally;
Implications and new opportunities
for cross border activities;
1. Borderlands & barriers in the
Barents Region
Concepts of the border
A. The physical barrier
B. The border as networked
C. The narrated or symbolic border
D. Political-technological borders

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Concepts of the border
A. The physical barrier
Ecological change & historical symbolism of
river or sea boundaries (e.g. Barents Sea, Pats
river);
 Economic, geopolitical and cultural divides;

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5
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1. Borderlands & barriers in the
Barents Region
Concepts of the border
A. The physical barrier
B. The border as networked
C. The narrated or symbolic border
D. Political-technological borders

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Concepts of the border
B. The border as networked
Deeper in space (at different level);
 Restricted mobility for some;
 Across and within the national territories;

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Romanian gipsy family in Lyon (2010)
1. Borderlands & barriers in the
Barents Region
Concepts of the border
A. The physical barrier
B. The border as networked
C. The narrated or symbolic border
D. Political-technological borders

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Concepts of the border
C. The narrated or symbolic border
Borders are socially constructed;
 Us vs. other – identity vs. alterity ;
 Understanding of borders;

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National personification…
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Eetu Isto (1899):” Hyökkäys” (attack)
1. Borderlands & barriers in the
Barents Region
Concepts of the border
A. The physical barrier
B. The border as networked
C. The narrated or symbolic border
D. Political-technological borders

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Concepts of the border
D. Political-technological borders
Heterogeneous assemblage of discursive and
non discursive practices;
 biopolitical borders;

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Cross-Border Regions /Cooperation
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

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Important practical means of integrating postcommunist states into European social and political
economy;
Destabilising existing geopolitical imaginations;
Pioneering role:
bringing new formal institutional arrangemet;
transforming peripheral regions;
creation of new political/territorial spaces =>
Euroregions;
See Perkmann M. (2003). ”Cross-border Regions in Europe: Significance and Drivers of Cross-Border Cooperation”
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183 border regions in the year 2000
2. CBC and founding programs in
the High North

Founding programs/actions in the Barents Region:

Finland's /Norway’s cooperation with neighboring areas;
Northern Dimension;
Eurorussia;
Euregio Karelia;
BEAR & BEAC;
Arctic council;
CBSS;
Nefco;
EBRD & IMF;
EU;
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


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



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Finland's cooperation with neighboring areas:
• In the years from 1990 to 2009, Finland allocated about 293
million (€) to projects carried out jointly with Russia;
• Finland's neighboring area cooperation with Russia is based
on an agreement between the countries, signed in 1992;
• The cooperation focuses on Northwest Russia, especially the
Republic of Karelia, the Leningrad and Murmansk oblasts and
St Petersburg. Economic cooperation in particular can be
conducted also with other regions in Russia that are important
for Finland;
http://www.formin.fi/public/default.aspx?nodeid=34823&contentlan=2&culture=en-US
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The Northern Dimension:
-The Northern Dimension policy aims to support stability, welfare and
sustainable development in the region by means of practical
cooperation;
-The ND is an instrument through which the European Union, Russia,
Norway and Iceland cooperate in selected fields, such as the
environment and nuclear safety or social welfare and health care
issues;
-The ND also addresses questions that specifically concern the
northern areas, such as the vulnerable Arctic environment and
matters related to indigenous peoples.
http://www.formin.fi/public/default.aspx?nodeid=15579&contentLan=2&culture=enUS
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EuroRussia:
- EuroRussia is a private-public development
programme;
- EuroRussia is a networking project where
Russian and EU economy and enterprises
network with each other;
- The
objective
of
the
EuroRussia
programme is to become concrete and
significant EU Northern Dimension project;
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Euregio Karelia encompasses Finland's three provinces (Kainuu, North Karelia
and Northern Ostrobothnia) and the Republic of Karelia;
-It forms a cooperative regional forum for cross border cooperation. Euregio
Karelia was founded 24.02.2000;
- Euregio Karelia was founded to deepen programme and project-based crossborder cooperation in order to bring strategic and political guidance into the
cooperation;
See: http://www.kareliaenpi.eu/en & www.euregiokarelia.fi
22Further information: http://www.aebr.net/pics/db/AEBR_Euregio%20Karelia_EN.pdf
BEAR & BEAC
The Barents Euro-Arctic Council (1993) includes
representatives from the governments of the Nordic
Countries and Russia, and the EU Commission.
Several observers from other countries also
participate in the Council’s activities. Important
areas for co-operation include economic issues,
transportation, environmental protection, social and
health issues, rescue services, cultural activities,
youth programmes and tourism.
http://www.bd.lst.se/publishedObjects/10000666/barentsbr
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oschyr.pdf
BEAR & BEAC
• Barents Euro-Arctic Council (BEAC) is the forum for intergovernmental
cooperation in the Barents Region. BEAC was established in 1993 in order
to "provide impetus to existing cooperation and consider new initiatives
and proposals“;
• BEAC wishes to provide you with extensive information about the
history of the co-operation, its organisational structure, terms of
reference and basic documents. And also information about the Region
itself, maps, photos etc;
•Co-operation in the Barents Euro-Arctic region also operates at the
regional level. The Barents Euro-Arctic Regional Council consists of
representatives from the following regional authorities:
Finland: the Provinces of Lapland, Northern Ostrobothnia and Kainuu,
Norway: the Provinces of Finnmark, Nordland and Troms,
Sweden: the Provinces of Norrbotten and Västerbotten,
Russia: the Republic of Karelia, the Komi Republic, the Archangel Oblast,
the Murmansk Oblast, and the Autonomous Nenets District.
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Arctic Council
• The Ottawa Declaration of 1996 formally established the
Arctic Council as a high level intergovernmental forum to
provide a means for promoting cooperation, coordination and
interaction among the Arctic States, with the involvement of
the Arctic Indigenous communities and other Arctic
inhabitants on common Arctic issues, in particular issues of
sustainable development and environmental protection in the
Arctic;
• Member States of the Arctic Council are Canada, Denmark
(including Greenland and the Faroe Islands), Finland,
Iceland, Norway, Russian Federation, Sweden, and the United
States of America;
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http://arctic-council.org/
CBSS
Council of the Baltic Sea States
The Council of the Baltic Sea States is an overall political forum for
regional inter-governmental cooperation. The Members of the
Council are the eleven states of the Baltic Sea Region as well as
the European Commission. The states are Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, Germany, Iceland, Latvia, Lithuania, Norway, Poland,
Russia, Sweden and a representative from the European
Commission.
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http://www.cbss.org/
NEFCO
NEFCO is an international financial
institution established by the five Nordic countries;
 NEFCO finances investments and projects primarily
in Russia, Ukraine, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and
Belarus, in order to generate positive environmental
effects of interest to the Nordic region;
 http://www.nefco.org/
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 NEFCO's field of action covers Russia, Ukraine, the Baltic
Countries and Belarus. NEFCO's newly established carbon fund,
NeCF, can finance projects across the world;
 NEFCO is engaged in a wide variety of project types all with
significant local and regional positive environmental impacts. For
reasons of statistics the projects are divided into a number of
categories as listed below.
Water and Sewerage
Industry/Cleaner Technology
Environmental Services
Energy
Consultancy
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EBRD & IMF
The EBRD and Russia
=> Modernisation, competitiveness and diversification of the real economy will
be the overarching priorities of the EBRD in Russia. This will be supported by
active infrastructure development and efficient financing mechanisms.
=> Energy efficiency will become an integral part of the business of each
sector of EBRD activity in Russia. The Bank will address the demand side of
energy use by reducing waste of energy and greenhouse emissions in all
sectors, which will be important to support corporate competitiveness and
combat climate change.
Strategy: http://www.ebrd.com/pages/country/russia/strategy.shtml
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IMF
The International Monetary Fund (IMF) is an
organization of 187 countries, working to foster global
monetary cooperation, secure financial stability,
facilitate international trade, promote high employment
and sustainable economic growth, and reduce poverty
around the world.
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http://www.imf.org/external/index.htm
2. CBC and founding programs in
the High North

Founding programs/actions in the Barents Region:

Finland's /Norway’s cooperation with neighboring areas;
Northern Dimension;
Eurorussia;
Euregio Karelia;
BEAR & BEAC;
Arctic council;
CBSS;
Nefco;
EBRD & IMF;
EU;









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The EU’s CBC Programmes at
the Russian border (TACIS,
ENPI, Interreg IVA)

The EU-Tacis program as a tool for the
neighbourhood cooperation between
Russia and Finland during 1996-2004
32
http://www.eeas.europa.eu/russia/index_en.htm
Partnership and Cooperation Agreement (PCA)
came into force in December 1997 and covered

Trade and economic cooperation: liberalisation of trade based
on most-favoured-nation (MFN) treatment and the elimination of
quantitative restrictions; legislative harmonisation;

Co-operation in science & technology, energy, environment,
transport, space and a range of other civil sectors

Political dialogue: on international issues of mutual concern and on
cooperation relating to observance of the principles of democracy
and human rights

Justice and Home Affairs: Co-operation to prevent illegal
activities, trafficking in drugs, money laundering and organised crime.
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The noble goals of the EU
cooperation (ENP):
In the long term:
=> promoting democracy in the neighborhood*;
=> supporting the development of market
economy;
 In the short term:
technical and humanitarian assistance &
improving infrastructure;

* See e.g. The Reluctant Debutante:The EU as Promoter of Democracy in its Neighborhood. CEPS
Working paper no. 223/ July 2005
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The noble goals of the EU cooperation
The INTERREG IVC supports two
thematic priorities:
 Priority 1. Innovation and the knowledge
economy
 Priority 2. Environment and the risk
prevention
 Lisbon and Gothenburg agendas;
35
3.Thinking and working
transnationally
Some outcomes from the Finnish-Russian experiences of
CBC:
 categorization of cross-border cooperation activities
along the Finnish-Russian border and pattern of the
effectiveness of cross-border cooperation (CBC);
 implications for the integration of the Finnish-Russian
borderland;
 meaning of the current border regime for CBCactivities;
 the (non)importance of cultural differences/ language
barriers;
36
The institutionalization of EU (Tacis) cross-border cooperation among Russian
partners
ef
he
of t
s
es
en
v
i
t
fec
ration
coope
s
i
(sosioeconomic improvement)
Tac
expansion of the
scope for action
development of
human capital
(successfulness)
(smooth management)
common views
shaping/ changing stances
STRATEGIC BEHAVIOR OF CROSS-BORDER ACTORS
improving project design &
objectives/ goals
enhancing their own
responsibility & role
WORKING IN THE PROJECT
equal
interaction
bureaucratic & difficult
cooperation
improvement
of living
conditions
common border
area
close/
local
inapt/
national
(convergence)
project
management
short-term
relationships
ineffective/
international
approaching border
communities and
cross-border actors
differing opinions and
several obstacles
small
effects
developing management
no results
social and economic
development
weak
know-how
the presence
of the border
public administration instability
environment challenges and other external factors
intervention of the central
authority & cross-border policy
cross-border actors'
perceptual space
37
The institutionalization of EU (Tacis) cross-border cooperation among Russian
partners
ef
he
of t
s
es
en
v
i
t
fec
ration
coope
s
i
(sosioeconomic improvement)
Tac
expansion of the
scope for action
development of
human capital
(successfulness)
(smooth management)
common views
shaping/ changing stances
STRATEGIC BEHAVIOR OF CROSS-BORDER ACTORS
improving project design &
objectives/ goals
enhancing their own
responsibility & role
WORKING IN THE PROJECT
equal
interaction
bureaucratic & difficult
cooperation
improvement
of living
conditions
common border
area
close/
local
inapt/
national
project
management
short-term
relationships
1
(convergence)
ineffective/
international
approaching border
communities and
cross-border actors
differing opinions and
several obstacles
small
effects
developing management
no results
social and economic
development
weak
know-how
the presence
of the border
public administration instability
environment challenges and other external factors
intervention of the central
authority & cross-border policy
cross-border actors'
perceptual space
38
The institutionalization of EU (Tacis) cross-border cooperation among Russian
partners
ef
he
of t
s
es
en
v
i
t
fec
ration
coope
s
i
(sosioeconomic improvement)
Tac
expansion of the
scope for action
development of
human capital
(successfulness)
(smooth management)
common views
shaping/ changing stances
STRATEGIC BEHAVIOR OF CROSS-BORDER ACTORS
improving project design &
objectives/ goals
enhancing their own
responsibility & role
WORKING IN THE PROJECT
equal
interaction
bureaucratic & difficult
cooperation
improvement
of living
conditions
common border
area
2
short-term
relationships
close/
local
inapt/
national
(convergence)
project
management
ineffective/
international
approaching border
communities and
cross-border actors
differing opinions and
several obstacles
small
effects
developing management
no results
social and economic
development
weak
know-how
the presence
of the border
public administration instability
environment challenges and other external factors
intervention of the central
authority & cross-border policy
cross-border actors'
perceptual space
39
The institutionalization of EU (Tacis) cross-border cooperation among Russian
partners
ration
coope
s
i
(sosioeconomic improvement)
Tac
e
f th
o
ss
ne
e
v
ti
ec
f
f
e
shaping/ changing stances
expansion of the
scope for action
development of
human capital
(successfulness)
(smooth management)
common views
STRATEGIC BEHAVIOR OF CROSS-BORDER ACTORS
improving project design &
objectives/ goals
enhancing their own
responsibility & role
WORKING IN THE PROJECT
equal
interaction
bureaucratic & difficult
cooperation
improvement
of living
conditions
common border
area
close/
local
inapt/
national
(convergence)
project
management
short-term
relationships
ineffective/
international
approaching border
communities and
cross-border actors
differing opinions and
several obstacles
small
effects
developing management
3
social and economic
development
weak
know-how
the presence
of the border
no results
public administration instability
environment challenges and other external factors
intervention of the central
authority & cross-border policy
cross-border actors'
perceptual space
40
3.Thinking and working
transnationally: how & when?


location/quality of the management of CBC =>
close enough to its participants:
- cooperation based on local needs;
- truly mutual cooperation;
major results of “transnationalism” in CBC
- shaping/ changing stances;
- development of human capital;
- expansion of scope for action;
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The emergence of a new cross-border
Region?
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The emergence of a new crossborder Region?




The cross-border Region is a reality only for a small
group of people both at formal and informal level;
the circle of people who are active in cross-border
interaction is rather small;
only 39% of the interviewees seemed to perceive a
(new) common border region;
According to 51% of the interviewees EU’s co-operation
succeeded at least to bring people together across the
border;
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44
Current border regime
no major obstacles for economic
activities;
 allows cooperation;
 a guarantor of safety;
 setting a visa free regime desirable;

45
The (non) importance of cultural
differencies in Tacis CBC:



46% experienced strong disagreements;
According to 44 % of the respondents the Finnish
partner didn’t pay attention to the socioeconomic
challenges posed by transition;
the language barrier is not insuperable=> partner
shared a common language of knowledge and science;
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4. Implications and new
opportunities for CBActivities
Opportunities for Cross Border Activities in the short
run:
1.
2.
-
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In particularly for Lapland’s economic life :
trade, timber, building and road construction;
mining technology and shipbuilding industry;
cross-border tourism;
and for all the social groups (i.a. authorities & NGO)
Creative industries: i.e. music, arts, fashion, crafts,
advertising, publishing, design, architecture, technology
and social media;
4. Implications and new
opportunities for CBActivities
Implications for Cross Border Activities in the Barents Region:





How to approach Barents communities to each other?
People-to-people cooperation around common challenges;
How to establish a “supraregional” space in the High North?
A comprehensive information system for the Barents Region;
Popularizing and targeting information;
Opportunities for the libraries in the Barents Region:
 connecting & disseminating;
 common place of (Barents) knowledge;
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
Questions/Comments/Suggestions
e-mail: [email protected]
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