Transcript Document

Chapter 13
Sociocultural Influences on Motor
Development
Carl P. Gabbard
PowerPoint® Lecture Slide Presentation revised by
Alberto Cordova, University of Texas at San Antonio
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Basic Terminology of Socialization
Socialization
• A set of events and process by which individuals acquire
the beliefs and behaviors of the particular society or
subgroup in which they live in and, in most cases, are
born into
Culture
• A subset of society; the collection of specific attitudes,
behaviors, and products that characterize an identifiable
group of people
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Structure of Socialization
Status
• An individual’s position in society
Social Class
• Socioeconomic status (SES), a grouping of people with similar
economic, education, and occupational characteristics
Social Role
• Job description; the particular behavior that an individual uses to fulfill
a position of status
Norm
• A standard of behavior that would be expected from members of a
similar group of society
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Socializing Processes
Direct instruction
• Concepts and ideas conveyed through language
Shaping
• Allows for the individual to benefit from experience
Modeling
• Learning from observing others who serve as models
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Socializing Agents
Socializing Agent
• An individual, group, or institution that interprets culture to
the individual
• It is generally acknowledged that the family is the primary
socializing agent that transmits cultural content during the
early developmental years
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Bronfenbrenner’s Bioecological Systems Model
• Microsystem
• Mesosystem
• Exosystem
• Macrosystem
• Chronosystem
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Figure 13.1
The PPCT Model
Process
• Fused and dynamic relation of the person and context
Person
• Biological, cognitive, and emotional characteristics
Context
• Nested levels or systems of the ecology
Time
• Multiple dimensions of temporality
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Primary Influences During Childhood and
Adolescence
The family
• Parental beliefs and attitudes
• First contact with motor
activities
• Provide sport equipment
• Fathers are primary
influencing agent
• Socioeconomic status,
affects:
• Buying equipment
• Paying for sports clubs or
programs
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Figure 13.2
Participation in Play
• Participation in sports or
physical activity at
school, in clubs, or
educational programs
• Participation in play
activities
• Why is play important?
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Figure 13.3
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Table 13.1
Coaches and Teachers
• Associated with school and community
• Guide motor development and refine sport skills
• Promote involvement
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Gender-Role Expectations and Stereotyping
Sex-roles
• Social expectations of how
individuals should act and
think as males and females
Sex-role stereotyping
• The use of different methods
to introduce boys and girls to
physical activities and sports
• Should males and females be
treated differently?
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Figure 13.4
Self-Esteem
A reflection of social support in the form of parents,
peers, teachers, and coaches, etc.
• Frequent encouragement
• Specific positive feedback
• Recognition
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Possible Influences of Race
Importance of a successful sports career
• Increases socioeconomic status (fame and fortune)
• Role models
• Major obstacles outside of sports and entertainment
Encouragement from family and community
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Primary Influences During Adulthood
• Media
• Peers
• Spouse
• Community
• Doctors, instructors, programs, and
parks and recreation
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Aging
• Regression of physical
skills
• Signs of physical aging
• Age-related stereotyping
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Figure 13.5
Aging – Exercise Motivation
Activity Theory
• The more active older people are, the less likely they
are to show discontent with life as they age.
Bandura’s Social Cognitive theory
• Self-efficacy
• Outcome expectations
• Self-evaluated dissatisfaction
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Summary
• Sociocultural influences have been shown to have a lifelong effect
on involvement in physical activity and motor development.
• Self-esteem influences participation in play and sports involvement.
• Beginning with early adulthood, the primary social agents are the
media (education), peers, spouses, and individuals in the
community.
• As individuals approach middle age and enter late adulthood,
concern for health status and physical appearance normally
receives more attention. The activity theory supports the idea that an
active lifestyle during later adulthood increases the likelihood for life
satisfaction.
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings