Transcript Period 2
Europeans and American Indians
fought for dominance, control, and
security in North America, and
distinctive colonial and native
societies developed.
oDifferences
in imperial goals, cultures, and
the North American environments that
different empires confronted led Europeans
to develop diverse patterns of colonization.
Spain
• tight control over process of colonization
• convert or exploit the native population
French
& Dutch
• utilized trade alliances & intermarriage with
natives
• acquire furs & other products to export to
Europe
British
• establish colonies based on agriculture
• utilized large numbers of men & women
acquire land, populate settlements
importation of indentured servants
• hostile relationships with American Indians
due to expansion of settlements
King Philips War
miscegenation
• sexual relations or marriage between people of
two different races
• allowed in Spanish, French, and Dutch colonies
with native people and,
in Spain’s case, with enslaved Africans!
• in English colonies,
males & females rarely intermarried
with natives or Africans
resulted in rigid racial hierarchy!
Atlantic
slave trade (causes)
• abundance of land
• shortage of indentured servants
• difficulty of enslaving native peoples
• demand for colonial goods
Triangular trade
Middle Passage
Barbados Slave Code
Middle Passage
Barbados
Slave Code
• a law passed by England to provide a legal base
for slavery in the Caribbean island of Barbados
• the code's preamble, which stated that the law's
purpose was to "protect them [slaves] as we do
men's other goods and Chattels,“
any article of tangible property other than land,
buildings, and other thins annexed to land
Barbados
Slave Code
• law required masters to provide each slave with
one set of clothing per year
no standards for slaves' diet, housing, or working
conditions
denied slaves even basic rights guaranteed under
English common law, such as the right to life
allowed the slaves' owners to do entirely as they
wished to their slaves, including mutilating them and
burning them alive, without fear of reprisal
Bacon’s Rebellion
• Nathaniel Bacon
led frontier farmers against government of Virginia
former indentured servants denied land
• William Berkeley
Governor, refused protection against western Indians
• Effects:
decrease import of indentured servants
turn to African slavery for labor supply
laws make slaves, and their progeny, slaves for life!
Overt/covert
slavery
•
•
•
•
forms of resistance to
slow pace of work
sabotage equipment
run away
revolt
New York – 1712
Stono Rebellion - 1739
Denmark Vesey – 1822 (planned)
Nat Turner - 1831
New
England Colonies
• environmental & geographic conditions:
rocky soil
non-navigable rivers
short growing season
harsh winters
• fish, fur, lumber enterprises develop
waterfalls provide source of power
leads to manufacturing & industry to develop
• major commercial center
New
England Colonies
Plymouth/Massachusetts Bay Colonies
• Puritanism
group of Protestants in 16th century within the Church of
England (Anglican)
demanded simplification of doctrine and worship
advocated greater strictness in religious discipline
• puritan (lowercase)
a person who is strict in moral or religious matters, often
excessively so!
• Puritan (Protestant) Work Ethic
“idle hands are the devil’s workshop”
Middle
Colonies
• environmental & geographic conditions:
rich soil – export wheat, grains (Bread Basket Colonies)
forests – lumber, ship building
textile & iron industries develop
• ethnically & religiously diverse
English, Swedes, Dutch, Germans, Scots-Irish and French
Dutch Mennonites, French Huguenots, German Baptists,
Portuguese Jews, English Anglicans, Lutherans, Quakers,
Moravians, Amish, Dunkers, Presbyterians, and Catholics
Pennsylvania
• William Penn
The Quaker “Holy Experiment”
“inner light” in each person
services without formal ministers
dressed plainly
no deference to persons of rank
embraced pacifism
no military service
no land-owning aristocracy
adult male settlers receive 50 acres of land & right to vote
Pennsylvania
• Government
a representative assembly
freedom of religion
• Native-American Relations
“people approached in friendship respond in friendship”
letter to the Delaware
paid the Delaware for their land
regulated trade between tribes and colonists
set up a court for adjudication of disputes
no disputes for over 50 years!
Southern
Colonies
• environmental & geographic conditions:
warm climate – long growing season
swampy land - perfect for crops such as tobacco, rice,
indigo, and sugar
staple crop economy
cash crops – sold for profit, not consumption
tobacco, rice, sugar cans, cotton
slave labor utilized
in places, slaves constitute majority of population
Jamestown
- 1607
• joint-stock company
Virginia Company
• tobacco cultivation
John Rolfe
• indentured servants
leads to Bacon’s Rebellion and slavery
• Native-American Relations
colonial desire for land & crop space leads to warfare
Anglo-Powhatan Wars I & II
oEuropean
colonization efforts stimulated
intercultural contact and intensified conflict
between various groups of colonizers and
native peoples.
European/American
Conflicts
• Anglo-Powhatan Wars – 1610 – 1646
3 wars
resulted in a boundary being defined between the
Indians and English lands
• King Philips War – 1675 - 1678
New England Wampanoag natives defeated
colonial expansion ensured
European/American Conflicts
• Beaver Wars – 1630’s – 1640’s
encouraged and armed by their Dutch and English
trading partners,
the Iroquois expanded their territory and sought to
monopolize the fur trade
realigned the tribal geography of North America
destroyed several large tribal confederacies
• Chickasaw War – 1736
Chickasaw vs. the French
Chickasaw maintained themselves albeit with great loss to
both population and way of life
resulted in enmity between the Illini and the Chickasaw
New sources of labor
• Native Indian Slavery
easy to escape, blend into other tribal societies
• Indentured servitude
period of indenture – 4 – 7 years
freedom dues
• African slavery
slaves for life
introduces institutional racism!
Acquire
commodities valued in Europe
• fur
• lumber
• fish
• naval stores
pitch
• tobacco
• rice
• indigo
Mistrust
over conflicting interests of
European leaders and colonial citizens
• Woolen Act - 1699
prohibited American colonists from exporting wool
restricted the import of woolens and linens created in
other areas of the British Empire
Mistrust
over conflicting interests of
European leaders and colonial citizens
• Mercantilism
Navigation Acts
Salutary Neglect
• Molasses Act – 1733
tax on molasses
not to raise money
but to regulate trade
Mistrust
over conflicting interests of
European leaders and colonial citizens
• Smuggling
reaction to the heavy taxes and regulations imposed
by mercantilist trade policies
widespread in Spanish & English colonies
Trade
goods & disease cause cultural &
demographic change
• Catawba Nation
South Carolina
decimated by smallpox epidemics, tribal warfare and
social disruption
declined markedly in number in the late eighteenth and
nineteenth centuries
Trade
goods & disease cause cultural &
demographic change
• Huron Confederacy
“As the European demand for furs increased during
the seventeenth century, both the Iroquois and the
Huron began to expand westward in search of new
furs and new Indian trading partners. This expansion
brought about some violent conflicts between the
Huron and the western Indian nations such as the
Winnebago (Ho Chunk) and Ottawa. In addition,
conflict between the Huron and the Iroquois also
increased.”
“In 1648, the Seneca and the Mohawk, both members of the
Iroquois League of Five Nations, set out to destroy the
Huron trading network. The Seneca, armed with firearms
obtained from the Dutch, attacked the Huron town of
Teanaostaiaé. Three hundred of the 2,000 inhabitants of
the town were killed and 700 were taken captive. The
following year, the Iroquois, supplied with 400 guns and
unlimited ammunition on credit by the Dutch, attacked
and destroyed the Huron. This marked the end of the
Huron confederacy. Many of the Huron people took
refuge with other Indian nations in the Great Lakes area. A
new nation, however, the Wyandot, composed of Huron
refugees as well as other Indian refugees, soon emerged,
but did not challenge the Iroquois supremacy.”
Native American Netroots
Trade
goods & disease cause cultural &
demographic change
• Wampanoag
About 1614, a series of three epidemics, inadvertently
introduced through contact with Europeans, began to
sweep through the Indian villages in Massachusetts.
At least ten Wampanoag villages were abandoned
because there were no survivors. The Wampanoag
population decreased from 12,000 to 5,000.
Trade
goods & disease cause cultural &
demographic change
• Wampanoag
In 1675, pushed by the Puritans who demanded that
the Indians obey Puritan law and who severely
punished the Indians who did not, Metacom asserted
the sovereignty of his people by going to war. As a
result of this war – commonly called King Philip’s War
– many of the smaller Indian nations were destroyed
or scattered.
Trade goods & disease cause cultural &
demographic change
• Metacom stumbled into an ambush in which he was shot
and killed. The English drew and quartered his body and
took his head to Plymouth where it was displayed to the
public for 20 years.
• “Head was carried in triumph to Plymouth, where it
arrived on the very Day that the Church there was
keeping a Solemn Thanksgiving to God. God sent ‘em in
the Head of a Leviathan for a Thanksgiving-Feast.”
• Cotton Mather
• By the end of the war, the Wampanoag were nearly
exterminated: only 400 survived.
Spanish
worldview
• seek accommodation with Native culture
after Pueblo Revolt – 1680,
the Pueblo Indians gain a measure of freedom from future
Spanish efforts to eradicate their culture and religion
Spanish issued substantial land grants
appointed a public defender to protect the rights of the
Indians
did not again attempt to impose a theocracy on the Pueblo
who continued to practice their traditional religion
English
worldview
• land ownership
private vs. tribal/communal
• gender roles
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• reinforced through contact/conflict
“praying towns”
seek religious conversion, abandonment of native ways
gatherer-hunter lifestyle, clothing, rituals, etc…
American
Indian warfare increases in
intensity & destructiveness
• deadlier weapons
long rifle
musket
• alcohol
great disrupter of Indian life
greater susceptibility to effects
oThe
increasing political, economic, and
cultural exchanges within the “Atlantic
World” had a profound impact on the
development of colonial societies in North
America.
Atlantic
economy
• shared labor market
• wide exchange of goods
African slave trade
products of Americas
Anglicization (convert
• Political communities
Pennsylvania
to English norms)
William Penn
The Quaker “Holy Experiment”
“inner light” in each person
services without formal ministers
dressed plainly
no deference to persons of rank
embraced pacifism
no military service
no land-owning aristocracy
adult male settlers receive 50 acres of land & right to vote
Pennsylvania
• Government
a representative assembly
freedom of religion
• Native-American Relations
“people approached in friendship respond in
friendship”
paid the Delaware for their land
regulated trade between tribes and colonists
set up a court for adjudication of disputes
no disputes for over 50 years!
Anglicization
(convert to English norms)
• Commercial ties
Joint-stock companies
Virginia Company
London Company
Anglicization
(convert to English norms)
• Legal structures
Anglicization
(convert to English norms)
• Protestant evangelism
Anglicization (convert
• Religious toleration
to English norms)
Maryland Act of Toleration
• freedom of worship for all Christians in
Maryland
• sentenced to death anyone who denied the
divinity of Jesus
Atheists, Jews
Anglicization
(convert to English norms)
• Enlightenment Ideas
John Locke – 1632 - 1704
English philosopher
ideas concerning the natural rights of man and the social
contract
theories concerning the separation of Church and State,
religious freedom, and liberty
influenced European Enlightenment writer, Voltaire
shaped the thinking of America's founders, from Alexander
Hamilton to Thomas Jefferson
Slavery
& colonial wars impacted growth
of ideas on race
• Casta System
determined a persons social importance in old
Mexico
one-hundred different terms to describe different
racial categories
Españoles - persons of pure Spanish ancestry
Indios/Indias - persons of pure Indian Ancestry
Mestizos/Mestizas - one Spanish and one Indian parent
Mulattos/Mulattas - one Spanish and one Black parent
Slavery
& colonial wars impacted growth
of ideas on race
• Metis
are one of the recognized Aboriginal peoples of
Canada
descendents of mixed First Nations & Europeans
essentially, Native American’s of Canada
• often associated with lower social class
distinction
British
colonies develop similar patterns
• Culture
• Laws
• Institutions
• Government
Hierarchical
imperial structure
Mercantilist economic aims
Resistance
to imperial control
• Experiences of self-government
• Evolving local ideas of liberty
Resistance
to imperial control
• Political thought of Enlightenment
• Greater religious independence & diversity
Resistance
to imperial control
• Ideology of corruption in imperial system