Transcript The Rise of Democratic Ideals

WELCOME
I’m Mr. Rios
The class is World History A
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The Rise of Democratic Ideals
Sources of Democracy
•Development of Western
political ideals
•Contributions of Greek
philosophers and
Statesman
•Hellenistic Civilization
Spreads Democracy
Key Vocabulary
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city-state:
monarchy:
democracy:
tyrant:
legislature:
jury:
civic:
Socrates:
Plato:
Aristotle:
Pericles:
Solon:
Cleisthenes:
Sparta:
Athens:
List and define the various forms of
government you know?
• _________: a government were people have a
direct vote.
• _________: a government were people vote for
officials to represent them.
• _________: a government that is ran by a small
group.
• _________: a government were an individual
controls the government.
What type of government is ancient Greece
famous for?
Working with Historical Evidence
“Our government is not copied
from those of our neighbors:
we are an example to them
rather than they to us. Our
constitution is named a
democracy, because it is in
the hands not of the few but
of the many. Our laws secure
equal justice for all in their
private disputes, and our
public opinion welcomes and
honors talent in every branch
of achievement” Pericles 431
B.C.
What kind of source is this?
Who is the speaker/author?
Who is the audience?
What is the purpose?
Can you give a quote that
supports your theory?
What impression does it
give you of Pericles
government?
What impression does it
give you of Pericles?
How did Greece’s geography
influence its history?
Cause and Effect
• Overland travel was restricted.
– effect
• The mountainous terrain limited farming.
– effect
• Greeks turned to the sea and became
fisherman, sailors, and traders.
– Effect
Read pg 8 and 9
Between 750 and 500 B.C.E. Greeks evolved
different forms of government; Trace the effect it
had on Greece.
Flow Chart
Part One
Greece’s earliest
government was
a monarchy. A king
ruled the polis.
Landowning nobles
become the military
defenders of Greece
and take power for
themselves
A new larger
Aristocracy, made up
of merchants, farmers
and artisans came to
dominate some
city-states.
How did changes in military technology, and tactics
around 650 B.C.E. effect Greece?
Flow Chart
Part Two
iron weapons
replaced bronze
ones ordinary citizens
could afford the
weapons of war.
The phalanx was
Introduced. Required
Intensive training, and
demanded that
soldiers work as one
unit.
What do you expect
to be the effect of the
introduction of these
new weapons and
tactics?
Sparta
and
Athens
become
centers
of
democracy
Sparta and Greece
Compare and Contrast
• What was life like for
an ancient Spartan?
• What type of
government did
Sparta have?
• How did Sparta
benefit from this
government?
• What was life like for
an ancient Athenian?
• What type of
government did
Athens have?
• How did Athens
benefit from this
government?
Do you see any aspects of either Athenian or
Spartan government in our modern American
government? Please give examples.
Read 9-10
The Age of Pericles
From 460 to 429 B.C.E. Pericles ruled Athens.
1. How did government change in Athens?
2. What are specific examples that you can give
of what Pericles did to make that change?
3. What are some of Pericles political ideals?
4. How did the economy and culture change in
Athens?
5. Why would these changes lead to Greek
thinkers changing the way they view the world.
Read pg 11-13
The Philosophers
“lovers of wisdom”
Create a Thinking Map that demonstrates
the philosophers contribution to Western
political thought. Make sure to also
include the unique conditions that existed
in Greece that lead to the rise of
philosophers. Also include how Alexander
the Great’s reign added and spread
Western political thought.
Contributions of Greek
philosophers and statesman
• Did not believe in superstition (myth) to
explain the world.
• Relied on reason and intelligence to
discover natural laws.
• Developed direct democracy
What conditions existed in Greece that
contributed to the desire to find natural
laws?
The Rise of Democratic Ideals
•The Contributions of
Hammurabi
•The Romans establish
a Republic
•Contributions of
Judaism, Christianity,
and Islam
The Contributions of
Hammurabi
• King of ancient Babylonia
• Created a single code of laws
• He wrote the laws on stone slab (stele)
What benefits did having the laws written
down contribute to society?
What is the dangers of not having a written
law?
Roman Contributions
• Rome overthrew Etruscan kings and established a
republic
• Embraced the concept that an individual is a
citizen not a subject of a ruler
• Created its own written Legal Code the Twelve
Tables
What historical conditions influenced the Romans to
adopt a democratic government?
What is the influence of the Roman adoption of
democratic government?
Read pg 21
Roman Law
• The earliest laws were contained in the
Twelve Tables
• The Roman code of law grew as a result of
judgments in trials.
• Basic principles of law were established
• Justinian codification of laws included laws
passed by the legal writings of Roman
judges, and laws of the Roman assemblies,
and decrees of emperors.
Roman Lasting Legacies
What aspects of Roman law and
government can you see in American Law
and government?
What historical conditions influenced
American Revolutionaries to adopt a
democratic government?
Three Branches of government
GOVERNMENT
Legislative Branch
Passed laws
Executive Branch
Enforced Laws
Judicial Branch
Settle disputes
About laws
Working with primary documents
“ I will multiply your
descendants as the
stars of the heaven;
and will give to your
descendants all the
nations of the earth
shall bless
themselves: because
Abraham obeyed my
voice and kept my
charge, my
commandments, my
statutes, and my laws”
Where does this
quote come from?
What does it promise
the Israelites?
What value is it to
historians?
Jews (Israelites or Hebrews)
• According to the torah, Abraham founded the
Israelite nation in a region called Canaan.
• The Israelites believed that they are the chosen
people of God.
• According to the torah, God had agreed to bless
Abraham with countless descendants and the
lands of Canaan in exchange for their worship of
God, and willingness to follow his laws.
If the Israelites believe that they are chosen by
God how will this affect the way they view the
world and one another?
Understanding the Israelites
historical experiences
• According to the Torah and the historical record
there are two occasions that the Israelites
became enslaved.
• Israelites were forced to spend more than 400
years in Egypt as enslaved workers.
• Centuries later in 722 B.C.E. the nation of Israel
had fallen to the Assyrians, and later in 586
B.C.E. the nation of Judah had fallen to the
Babylonians each time the Israelites were
enslaved and sent into exile near Babylon.
What effect would you expect these two long
periods of captivity in a foreign land have on the
Israelite culture?
Enslavement unifies the Israelites
• The experience of being enslaved especially in Babylon
lead to the Israelites seeing themselves not just as a
nation but also as a religious group.
• They remained different from their Babylonian and
Assyrian enslavers.
• The enslavement in Babylon brought together the
various Israelite groups, and became and opportunity for
them to collect and compile their stories into the Hebrew
Bible, The Torah.
• When the Israelites were set free by the Persian ruler
Cyrus, and allowed to return to their homeland, they had
established modern Judaism.
Could you explain why after this long period of captivity that
we see a stronger, more religious, and more unified
Hebrew nation and religion emerge?
Religious beliefs influence the culture,
society.
• The Israelites believed that God had made a covenant
(promise or agreement) with Abraham and his
descendants.
• The Israelites believe that part of this agreement was
that they must not only worship God, but that they must
obey specific laws.
• This is why early in their history the Israelites established
the Torah.
• Some laws deal with every day matters such as
cleanliness and food preparation, while others define
criminal acts.
• The Torah also states moral principles that Israelites
must follow.
What is the central belief of the Israelites? How did this
affect their culture and society?
Sources of Israelite Laws
• The Ten Commandments are a collection of 10 basic
moral laws that the book of Exodus claims was handed
to Moses by God.
• The Seven Universal Laws applies to all people not just
Jews; one of the laws commands people to establish
courts to enforce the other laws.
• The laws emphasis on personal morality lead many
Israelites to emphasize a morally just community.
• Everyone in Jewish society was expected to follow the
laws of God. Which lead to the rule of law being an ideal
of the Israelites.
Considering the source of Israelite law how would you
expect how people followed the law?
Religious beliefs effect on politics?
• Jews believe that they have a responsibility to
obey God’s laws.
• The people have free will which means that they
have the freedom to make individual moral
choices.
• Because everyone in the community shared in
this covenant with God everyone was equal.
• Jewish leaders were seen as fully human and
bound to obey God’s law.
The rule of law had been established in Judaism,
How would this effect its government?
The Diaspora
• Jews began scattering as early as their first
captivity in Babylon.
• By 70 A.D. Jewish attempts to rebel against
Roman rule lead to many fleeing, or being
imprisoned and forced to move out of modern
day Israel.
• The loss of a homeland forced Jews to spread
throughout the Middle East, North Africa, and
Europe.
What effect would the Diaspora have on Western
political thought?
Roots of Christianity
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Jesus began his ministry in the provinces of
Galilee and Judea at age 30.
He chose twelve apostles to help him in his
mission.
Jesus had gained many followers as a result of
his preaching, and reported miracles.
In his ministry, Jesus used parables, to teach
moral ideas to his followers.
By 395 A.D. Christianity had become the
official religion of the Roman empire.
Christian Beliefs
• Jesus teachings were firmly rooted in
Jewish traditions.
• Jesus believed in one God, and accepted
the Ten Commandments.
• Jesus claimed his mission was to bring
spiritual salvation and eternal life to
anyone who believed in him.
• He was proclaimed as the messiah and
the son of God by his followers.
Jesus Commandments
• “love the Lord your God with all your
heart.”
• “love your neighbor as yourself.”
• “love your enemies”
• “If anyone hits you on one cheek, let him
hit the other one, too.”
What kind of society would you expect the
followers of Jesus to develop base on
these commandments?
Jesus death and resurrection
• The Roman authorities saw Jesus as a threat to
their rule.
• With the help of one of Jesus apostles the
Romans arrested Jesus, had him tried and
executed by crucifixion.
• According to the Gospels, Jesus had risen from
the dead following his burial in a tomb.
• At this time, Jesus commanded his apostles to
carry his teachings to “all nation,” and then he
ascended into heaven.
Rise of Christianity
• Following the death of Jesus the apostles
and other disciples spread his teachings.
• Most disciples preached only among the
Jews of Judea, and eventually spread to
Jewish communities throughout the
Roman world.
• The apostle Paul is credited in the Gospel
for spreading Christianity to gentiles (nonJews).
Paul’s Influence
• The letters of Saint Paul are a collection of
letters written to early Christian
communities were he clarifies or interprets
Jesus teachings, and establishes early
laws.
• Paul emphasized the need for Christians
to accept Jesus and his teachings in order
to achieve salvation.
Judaism and Christianity faced
Roman persecution
• Christian and Jewish refusal to make
sacrifices to the emperor, or to recognize
Roman gods lead them to be seen as
disloyal to Rome.
• Christians and Jews were blamed for
social and economic ills.
• Christian matyrdom lead to Roman people
wanting to learn more about Christianity.
Christianity becomes accepted
• Persecution of Christians ended when the
emperor Constantine issued the Edict of
Milan in A.D. 313.
• It granted freedom of worship to all
citizens of the Roman empire.
(ΧΡΙΣΤΟΣ, Christos)
The Development of the Roman
Catholic Church
• During the Middle Ages (500-1500 C.E.) the
Catholic Church emerged as the most powerful
force in Europe.
• Some Christians joined the Christian Clergy.
• Each community had its own priest, and every
priest in a region came under the authority of a
bishop.
• The bishops were the spiritual authority of the
land, and claimed they receive their authority
from the apostles.
Bishops become Patriarchs
• The bishops in the most important cities in
the Roman Empire gained authority over
other bishops and gained the title of
Patriarchs.
• The patriarch of Rome gained the title of
pope and claimed that he had power over
all the bishops.
U.S. map of current Catholic
archdiocese
The church is split
• In 1054, the first major split with the
church occurred.
• The Christian church split into a western
Roman Catholic Church and an eastern
Orthodox Church.
• In western Europe, the Catholic Church
maintain its position as the absolute power
in religious matters.
The role of the Catholic Church in
Medieval Europe
• In order to solidify is position the Catholic
Church began to establish church laws and a
system of courts to judge those who disobeyed
the laws.
• As the church became wealthier and stronger it
began, as well as church leaders, to own large
tracts of land.
• Rulers throughout Europe began to appoint
church officials to high government positions,
because they were often the best educated.
Developed Universities
• By 1100 the first universities got there start as schools to
train the clergy.
• These universities benefited from the contact that was
growing at the time with the Muslim world.
• Muslim scholars had translated many of the works of
Greek thinkers (philosophers, and statesman, historians,
mathematicians) into Arabic.
• These were later translated into Latin by Jewish scholars
in Muslim Spain.
• This allowed Christian European scholars to access the
new ideas that had been lost to them during the dark
ages.
Reason or Faith
• Scholars like Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle made
strong arguments for using reason to discover
basic truths, but Christians accepted many ideas
on faith alone.
• Christian scholars were challenged to explain
how they could use reason to understand our
world, without questioning God.
• Thomas Aquinas taught that God ruled an
orderly universe.
• By understanding these universal truths you
understand how God operates.
Contributions of Judaism,
Christianity, and Islam
• It is the duty of individuals to fight
oppression
• Individuals are valuable
• We are all equal in God’s eyes.