Transcript Gaining and Maintaining Situation Awareness
Situational Awareness How to gain and maintain it
Gaining and Maintaining Situational Awareness
1.
What is Situational Awareness ?
2.
Gaining Situational Awareness
• • •
Gathering data Understanding Thinking ahead 3.
Maintaining your Situational Awareness 4.
Improving your Situational Awareness
Gaining and Maintaining Situational Awareness
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Why Situational Awareness ?
The most frequent causal factor of all accidents (41 percent) was lack of positional awareness in the air.
UK CAA Global Fatal Accident Review 1980 -1996
The second most common primary causal factor was “lack of positional awareness in the air,” generally resulting in controlled flight into terrain (CFIT).
Flight Safety Digest November 1998 –February 1999. Special FSF Report: Killers in Aviation:
Good airmanship requires pilots to have good situational awareness; it is the basis for decision making and action.
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Gaining and Maintaining Situational Awareness
1.
What is Situational Awareness ?
2.
Gaining Situational Awareness
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Gathering data
• •
Understanding Thinking ahead 3.
Maintaining your Situational Awareness 4.
Improving your Situational Awareness
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What is Situational Awareness ?
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The perception of elements in the environment, within a volume of time and space,
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The comprehension of their meaning and
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The projection of their status in the near future What happened ?
Where am I ?
What is happening ?
What could happen ?
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Elements of Situational Awareness
Informational
Influences System Awareness Mode Awareness Spatial Orientation
Personal
Influences Time Horizon
Gaining and Maintaining Situational Awareness
Environmental Awareness
Crew Actions & Behaviours
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Environmental
Influences
Organizational
Influences
Source : Aircrew Incident Reporting Scheme (AIRS) Model
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Three Levels of Situational Awareness
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We have to see and sense : PERCEIVE
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We need to understand what was actually seen: COMPREHEND We have to use what we have understood to think ahead : PROJECT
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Scanning Gathering data
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Understanding Comparison with mental models
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Understanding the situation Thinking ahead Updating the model triggers decision making, action and review Feedback, check, monitor
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Assessment of your Situational Awareness
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Seek and gather data (sensing)
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Combine data into meaningful information (perception)
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Understand what the information means (comprehension)
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Use your understanding to think ahead and reconsider the plan (projection)
Where do we want to go?
Where have we been?
How Can We Improve Our Situational Awareness ?
Where Are We Now
Situational awareness describes the pilot’s knowledge of what is going on around him — where he is, his orientation, what mode the aircraft is in and what other people are doing
Gaining and Maintaining Situational Awareness
1.
What is Situational Awareness ?
2.
Gaining Situational Awareness
•
Gathering data
• •
Understanding Thinking ahead 3.
Maintaining your Situational Awareness 4.
Improving your Situational Awareness
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Gathering data : What to look for and when
Build the mental model by : - scanning the important aspects of our surroundings - comparing them with experiences and knowledge in memory Plane Path People Manage – Control – Navigation – Self and Others – System and Situation
Situational Awareness Plane Path People Now Future Gaining and Maintaining Situational Awareness
Evaluate all aspects …
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Plane, Path, People 1.HP_02_Vis_SA
Gathering data : Learning what to ‘see’
What to search for – driven by the need for the information When to look at specific information, phase of flight or event timing Where the information can be found, source and reliability Why the information is relevant to the circumstances
Know what’s important and why
Having more data doesn’t mean more information
Manage the task of scanning
Balance scan time with quality of information
Use procedure-based scans
Avoid interruptions
Don’t rush
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Gathering data : Failing to ‘see’
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Actively seek new data, use alternative sources where data are not available or difficult to detect
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Scanning and observing require discipline
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Be aware of visual illusions (senses to pick up g’s - !!??)
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Do not ‘expect’ to see something Sometimes you see only half of the picture but need all of it to understand the situation
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Understanding - Creating the mental model
Mental models are formed by :
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The combination of knowledge and experience recalled from memory, and
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The perceived information from the real world Memory Recall Training Knowledge Experiences
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Understanding - Creating the mental model
Mental models are formed by :
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The combination of knowledge and experience recalled from memory and
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The perceived information from the real world Real World Searching Plane, Path, People What, When, Where, Why
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Understanding – Comparison and Analysis
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Compare and update our mental models with the real world
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When matching, understanding of the situation is achieved
Internal attention Memory Mental Recall Model Training Knowledge Experiences
Understanding of the situation
External attention Real World Searching Plane, Path, People What, When, Where, Why Gaining and Maintaining Situational Awareness Page 15
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When Understanding : Organize! Control your thinking!
Understanding improves with experience : more memory situations (patterns and associations) developed for comparisons
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Check all aspects of the mental model
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How does the situation compare with “the plan”
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How does the situation compare with previous situations
WATCH IT !
Most frequent Situational Awareness errors (1/3)
occur in situations where the information existed
but was left unattended, usually because of distraction
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When NOT Understanding : Watch Out !
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Information may be misinterpreted : Poor mental model
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Failure to recognize the mental model needs to change
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Control thinking process Question yourself, monitor yourself, be aware of your own situation Do Not Assume. CHECK !
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Thinking Ahead – Projection
An accurate understanding of the situation is essential for planning ahead q
Stay ahead of the airplane :
Anticipating is projecting the current situation into the future Standard procedures allow you to anticipate what other crew members will do in a given situation q
Planning :
All crew members build their situation awareness on common planning
Thinking ahead prepares for decision making
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Situational Awareness & Decision Making
Understand Perceive Think Ahead Anticipated Result Planned Action
Goal
Action
Gaining and Maintaining Situational Awareness Feedback Page 19
Result Decision Making Loop
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Thinking Ahead – in practice
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Set time or place markers for rechecking the situation
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Confirm that the future situation agrees with the plan
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Set priorities regarding the current situation Rules Standard Procedures
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Set priorities for thinking Workload Attention Task
1000 ft: Speed < Vref + 20 Check height, flight path, configuration Next: 500 ft, wind / tailwind check 500 ft: Speed < Vref + 20 Check height, flight path Next: Threshold, < Vref +15 Threshold: < Vref + 15, height 50 ft Next: touchdown speed and position Gaining and Maintaining Situational Awareness Page 20
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Failing to Think Ahead – “What If ?”
q Consider contingencies q Manage awareness of other crewmembers
Recognize typical threat scenarios:
Rushed briefings and checklists
Rapidly changing weather
Last leg of the day
Runway change
Unstable approach
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Gaining and Maintaining Situational Awareness
1.
What is Situational Awareness ?
2.
Gaining Situational Awareness
• • •
Gathering data Understanding Thinking ahead 3.
Maintaining your Situational Awareness 4.
Improving your Situational Awareness
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Maintaining Situational Awareness
Monitor, Focus and Direct your Attention Scan: Plane, Path, People = 3Ps Anticipate, Stay Ahead of the Airplane Consider ‘what if’ Focus on the right information at the right time Keeping the priorities straight is a constant challenge What don't we know that we need to know What do they know that I need to know What do I know that they need to know What are we not paying attention to
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Clues to the loss of awareness
Losses in Situational Awareness may occur during
q q q q q q
Periods of high workload Periods of multi-tasking Preoccupation with other tasks Inadequate feedback from crewmembers Periods of stress Interactions with automated systems
DO Ask questions: of your self of others of the situation
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Fly the aircraft: Take over Change automation level Go back to the last stable situation Check navigation, speed, height Plane, Path, People
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Recovering Situational Awareness
The Golden Rules:
FLY NAVIGATE COMMUNICATE
S
3
F MAX SPD VLE =200 KTS
MANAGE
FUEL 45 400 2030 CRUISE 42 200 2030 F. USED TOTAL 138 200 KGx1000 FF KG/H 45 300 2030 45 300 2030 AIR LDG ELEV 22 AUTO 510
OVHT
22 21 TO 24 21 TO 23 FT TAT SAT ISA M S G -/-
RECALL
51 36 +5
REQUEST EMERG
°C °C P 10.5 PSI CAB V/S 50 FT/MIN CAB ALT 3500 FT 23 H 56 GWCG GW FOB Active CTL: OAKLAND KZAK 37.5 370 000 30 000 % KG KG q q
Go to the nearest safe, simple and stable situation; follow procedures Assess the current situation with different data
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Go back to the last thing you were sure of
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Avoid fixation on a past problem
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Take time to think
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Recovering Situational Awareness
Mental resources to control Situational Awareness
Pay attention to mode transitions Monitor and learn from them
Mental effort to stay in control of the aircraft Gaining and Maintaining Situational Awareness Page 26 Mental resources to control actions
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Gaining and Maintaining Situational Awareness
1.
What is Situational Awareness ?
2.
Gaining Situational Awareness
• • •
Gathering data Understanding Thinking ahead 3.
Maintaining your Situational Awareness 4.
Improving your Situational Awareness
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Improving your Situational Awareness
Control your thinking Preparation Anticipation Gathering and Checking Knowledge Behavior Prepare and review Notice and perceive Understand and interpret Project and think ahead Communicate Manage stress and workload
Know your boundaries – how close to the edge of safety do you operate ?
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Improving your Situational Awareness
Plan Scan Preflight planning is more than fuel and flight path. Visualize actions, consider all threats, know tasks required for each flight phase, distribute your workload evenly Actively seek information from available reliable sources Clarify anything that seems ambiguous Pay Attention Develop a systematic scanning pattern shifting your attention from the aircraft, to the flight path, to the people around you, then back to the aircraft Anticipate Remind Take time to consider the possibility of something going wrong Constantly ask yourself “what if,” and develop contingency plans Manage interruptions and distractions Set yourself reminders for tasks that may become either forgotten or interrupted Communicate Has your awareness become vague? Communicate, refresh and confirm the information you’ve gathered Evaluate During and after flight, honestly assess your performance based on preflight planning, identify areas where you felt uncertain or confused
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Relating theory to operation, the legacy of ESSAI:
Enhanced Safety through Situation Awareness Integration in training
Situation Awareness Perceive Threat Management Comprehend Project Mitigate Trap Avoid Gaining and Maintaining Situational Awareness Page 30
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Summary :
Gain and Maintain Situational Awareness
Scan to seek information Know what is important, when, and where to find it Plane, Path, People 3Ps Check understanding Real world Memory Plan ahead What if Cross Check Manage your attention Fly, Navigate, Communicate, Manage the situation …then decide !
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