Transcript Chapter 30
Chapter 30
Examinations and Procedures of Body Systems
Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Urinary System
• Organs – Kidneys, ureters, and bladder • Functions of the kidneys – Form and excrete urine – Regulate water balance in the body – Maintain the acid-base balance of body fluids Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Diseases and Disorders
• Signs and symptoms of disorders – Dysuria, proteinuria, hematuria, pyuria, frequency, urgency, oliguria, nocturia – Other signs and symptoms • UTI is the most common disorder of the urinary system – See Table 30-2 for other disorders Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Diagnostic Testing
• Urinalysis • Culture and sensitivity • Blood tests: BUN • Radiological exams – IVP – KUB radiograph – Cystogram Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Diagnostic Testing
• Intravenous pyelogram (IVP) – Diagnostic x-ray • Cystoscopy >> – Views the urethra and bladder through a lighted scope • Biopsy of the kidney Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Urinary Catheterization
• Reasons to catheterize patients – Obtain a sterile specimen for analysis – Relieve urinary retention – Instill medication into the bladder – Measure the amount of post-void residual urine • In some states, MAs may perform or assist with catheterization Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Urinary Catheterization
• Equipment for catheterization >> • Types of catheterizations Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Digestive System
• Functions of the digestive system – Ingestion of food and breaking into particles – Passage of food through digestive system – Digestion through secretion of digestive enzymes – Absorption of nutrients into the blood stream – Defecation of solid waste products • See the digestion system in action!
Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Diseases and Disorders
• Signs and symptoms of disorders – Include nausea, stomach cramps, vomiting, diarrhea, weight loss, indigestion – Other signs and symptoms • Diseases and disorders – Include gastritis, gastroenteritis, diverticulosis (>>), ulcers, hernias – See Table 30-5 Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Diagnostic Testing
• Upper GI series Lower GI series Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Diagnostic Testing
• Sigmoidoscopy – Diagnostic examination of interior of sigmoid colon – Preparing patients for sigmoidoscopy • May need to administer an enema – Proctosigmoidoscopy and equipment >> Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Diagnostic Testing
• Colonoscopy • Fecal occult blood test >> • Radiological studies of the digestive tract Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Bariatrics
• Field of medicine that treats obesity and conditions associated with obesity • Bariatric surgery – Performed to help treat obesity and help patients lose weight – “Banding” or “stapling” and gastric bypass surgery Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Sensory System
• The eye: organ of sight – Common diseases and disorders • See Tables 30-7 and 30-8 Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Measuring Visual Acuity
• Distance visual acuity – Snellen chart • Near visual acuity – Jaeger test • Color vision – Ishihara test Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Measuring Visual Acuity
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Measuring Visual Acuity
• Recording visual acuity testing – Numerator indicates 20-foot distance between patient and chart – Denominator indicates visual acuity of patient in relationship to normal seeing eye – Recorded as right eye, left eye, and both eyes Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Diagnostic Testing
• Procedures relating to the eye – Eye instillation – Eye patch dressing application – Eye irrigation Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Sensory System
• The ear: organ of hearing and equilibrium – Common diseases and disorders • See Table 30-9 Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Measuring Auditory Ability
• Tests performed by the provider – Gross hearing tests – Audiometry • Tests performed by the medical assistant – Audiometry – Ear irrigation – Ear instillation Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Sensory System
• The nose – Assisting with nasal exams – Cautery treatment of epistaxis – Performing nasal installations Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Respiratory System
• Respiratory process – External respiration and internal respiration – Gas exchange in the lungs Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Diseases and Disorders
• Signs and symptoms – Include dyspnea, fatigue, chest pain, chills, fever, wheezing, hoarseness, cough • Common disorders – See Tables 30-10 and 30-11 Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Diagnostic Tests
• Common tests – Auscultation of the chest – Sputum culture collection – Bronchoscopy – Spiral CT scan Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Pulmonary Function Testing
• Spirometry >> – Measures lung capacity • Peak Expiratory Flow Rates • Pulse Oximetry >> Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Inhalers
• Devices that deliver medication into the lungs • Types of inhalers – Metered dose inhalers – Metered dose inhalers with spacers – Dry powder inhaler – Nebulizer Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Musculoskeletal System
• Coordinates the framework and movements of the body – Includes bones (206), joints, muscles (over 600) and surrounding tissues • Common diseases and disorders – See Tables 30-12, 30-13, and 30-14 Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Tests and Treatments
• Skeletal system tests – Radiographs and visual exam techniques – Bone biopsy • Muscular system treatments – Electromyostimulation – Cold and hot therapy – Physical therapy Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Fractures, Casts, and Cast Removal
• Closed fractures are often treated in the ambulatory care setting • Casting – Short arm and long arm casts – Long and short leg casts – Patient education for cast care Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Nervous System
• Functions – Coordinates activity of body systems – Allows for the body to adapt to its internal and external environment • Common diseases, disorders and treatments – See Tables 30-16 and 30-17 Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Neurologic Examinations
• MA role in neurologic exams – Observe patient’s mental state – Assist the provider • Equipment and supplies >> Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Neurological Screening
• Components of a screening exam – Mental status – Cranial nerve function – Cerebral function – Motor function – Sensory function – Deep tendon reflexes – Additional tests Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Circulatory System
• Functions – Pump and transport blood to all body parts – Supply oxygen to all body parts – Remove waste products from body tissues • Common disorders – See Tables 30-18 and 30-19 Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Blood and Lymph System
• Blood and lymph are excellent indicators of disease • Helps immune system function • Common diseases and disorders – See Tables 30-20 and 30-21 Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Blood and Lymph System
• Common diagnostic tests – Complete blood count – Differential – Erythrocyte sedimentation rate – Platelet count – Liver function studies – Shilling test Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Integumentary System
• Functions – Provides protection against invasion of microorganisms and trauma – Regulates body temperature – Senses pressure, touch, and pain Layers of the skin >> Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Integumentary System
• Common diseases and disorders – See Tables 30-22 and 30-23 • Diagnostic testing – Biopsy of skin lesions and affected tissues – Wound cultures Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Allergy Skin Testing
• Be prepared to treat emergencies – Notify provider immediately – Have patient lie down – Have epinephrine, benadryl, corticosteroid injections ready to be administered – Check patient’s vital signs Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Allergy Skin Testing
• Types of tests – Scratch test – Patch test – Intradermal test – Radioallergosorbent test (RAST) Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Endoscopic Procedures
• Endoscope: a device used to view hollow cavities or organs • Enables procedures to be done on internal organs without surgical intervention – See Table 30-24 Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Endoscopic Procedures
• New technology in endoscopy – Capsule video endoscopy – Wireless capsule endoscopy – PillCam Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.