Transcript UNIVERSALISATION OF SECONDARY EDUCATION
Expansion of Secondary Education
A Presentation for the Parliamentary Consultative Committee on Human Resource Development 20 th December, 2007
Rationale for Secondary Education 1.
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Secondary education develops faculties of critical thinking, abstraction, insight, skills and competence at a higher level Foundation for higher education Requirement for employment and labour market quality Critical to social and economic development and growth Rates of return on secondary education are high Rising demand from elementary leavers International competitiveness Gender equity Requirement for primary teachers Poverty reduction and equity 22
Secondary Education(IX-X): Some facts
1 No. of Secondary schools 1.02 lakh 2 3 No. of Higher Secondary schools No. of students ( Classes IX-X) 0.50 lakh 2.43 crore 4 5 6 Estimated No. of students in classes IX-X in 2007-08 Population of 14-16 age group No. of Teachers 2.89 crore 4.71 crore 10.82 lakh Source:- Selected Educational Statistics, 2004-05 33
Secondary Education(IX-X): Indicators
S. No. Indicators 1 Enrolment (IX X) Boys 1.46 crore Girls 1.01 crore Total 2.43 crore 2 3 Gross Enrolment Ratio (IX-X) Dropout rate (Class I-X) 57.39
60.41
45.28
63.88
Source: Selected Educational Statistics, 2004-05 51.65
61.92
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National Policy on Education, 1986 (as modified in 1992)
“ Access to Secondary Education will be widened with emphasis on enrolment of girls, SCs & STs particularly in science, commerce and vocational streams.” (Para 5.13) 55
Mid-term Appraisal of the Tenth Five Year Plan (June 2005)
“In order to plan for a major expansion of secondary education in the event of achievement of full or near full retention under SSA, setting up of a new mission for secondary education, on the lines of SSA should be considered”. (Para 2.1.45) 66
Central Advisory Board of Education (CABE), Committee on Universalisation of Secondary Education - Report of June, 2005 The guiding principles of Universal Secondary Education - Universal Access, Equality and Social Justice Norms for schooling to be developed for each state with common national parameters Pressure on secondary education being felt and It will not be wise to wait till 2010 Financial requirement for universal elementary and secondary education is 5.1% of the GDP Investment towards Universal Secondary Education must be made not later than 2006-07.
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Challenges in Secondary Education Access Equity Gender Socio-economic Geographical Disability Quality 88
Challenge of Access-1: No. of Secondary Schools ( Classes IX-X) per 100 Sq. Km
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States having schools less than all India average
3 2 1 3 3 2 2 2 1 0.5
All India Gujarat H.P.
Rjasthan U.P
M.P
J & K
0 ALL GUJ HP RJ UP MP JK
Source: Based on Selected Educational Statistics- 2004-05 99
Challenge of Access-2: No. of Secondary Schools ( Classes IX-X) per 100 Sq. Km.
States having schools more than all India average
8 6 4 2 0 3 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 6 8 8
All India T.N
A.P
Karnataka Maharashtra Orissa Punjab W.B.
Assam Haryana Kerala
ALL TN AP KN MH OR PJ WB AS HR KL
Source: Based on Selected Educational Statistics -2004-05
Challenge of Access-3: No. of Secondary Schools (Classes IX-X) per lakh Population States having schools less than all India average
10 2 0 8 6 4 10 9 9 8 8 7 6 5 4 4 3 3
All India Punjab Uttrakhand T.N.
Chandigarh M.P.
Chhattisgarh W.B.
Bihar Jharkhand U.P.
Delhi
ALL PU UT TN CD MP CH WB BI JH UP DL
Source: Based on Selected Educational Statistics -2004-05
Challenge of Access-4: No. of Secondary Schools (Classes IX-X) per lakh Population States having schools more than all India average
25 20 15 10 5 0 10 1010 10 14 15 1617 1819 19 23
All India Gujarat J&K Kerala Rajasthan Maharashtra Haryana Assam Karnataka A.P.
Orissa H.P.
ALL GJ JK KL RJ MH HR AS KN AP OR HP
Source: Based on Selected Educational Statistics -2004-05
Percentage of schools by management (2004-05) Management Government Government aided Private unaided Total Secondary (IX-X) 42.96
28.52
28.52
100.00
Higher Secondary (XI-XII) 37.17
31.04
31.79
100.00
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Challenge Of Participation-1: Gross Enrollment Ratio (Cross Country Comparison)
100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 93 89 86 85 81 80 79 79 70 70 61 61 CU SA SL EG TH HG MX VT CH ML IND Asia
SOURCE: UNESCO Institute for Statistics, October, 2005
Cuba Sout Africa Sri Lanka Egypt Thailand Hongkong Mexico Vietnam China Malaysia Indonesia Asia
Challenge Of Participation-2: Gross Enrollment Ratio States having GER less than all India average
60 50 40 30 20 10 0 52 49 49 46 44 44 43 41 27 26 22 ALL AS UP MP CH RJ JK WB NL JH BH
Source : Selected Educational Statistics 2004-05
All India Assam U.P.
M.P.
Chhattisgarh Rajasthan J & K W.B.
Nagaland Jharkhand Bihar
Challenge Of Participation-3: Gross Enrolment Ratio (Classes IX-X) States having GER more than all India average
100 80 60 40 20 525353535455 5759 69 767780 93 All India A.P.
Arunachal Harynana Orissa Gujarat Tripura Karnataka Maharashtra Goa Uttrakhand T.N.
Kerala 0 ALL AP AR HR OR GJ TR KN MH GA UT TN KL
Source : Selected Educational Statistics 2004-05
Challenge Of Participation-4: Disparity in Gross Enrolment Ratio (Classes IX-X)
60 50 40 30 20 10 0 52 45 37 57 52 43 45 38 30 All SC ST Overall Boys Girls
Source: Selected Educational Statistics – 2004-05
50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0
Trend of Gross Enrolment Ratio
Source : Selected Education Statistics – 2004-05
Total Boys Girls
Challenge of Quality-1 : Pupil Teacher Ratio (Cross Country Comparison)
30 25 20 15 10 5 0 30 26 25 20 19 18 18 18 17 17 14 12 South Africa Vietnam Thailand Sri Lanka China Rep.of Korea Hongkong Malaysia Egypt Mexico Indonesia Cuba SA VT TH SL CH KR HK ML EG MX INDO CU
Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics, October, 2005
Challenge of Quality-2 : Pupil Teacher Ratio in Classes IX and X States having PTR more than all India average
30 20 10 0 70 60 50 40 32 34 35 38 54 55 61 63 All India Gujarat Maharashtra Chhattisgarh Jharkhand Bihar U.P.
W.B.
ALL GUJ MH CHH JH BH UP WB
Source : Selected Educational Statistics – 2004-05
Challenge of Quality-3 : Pupil Teacher Ratio in Classes IX and X States having PTR less than all India average
15 10 5 0 35 30 25 20 32 18 18 20 22 24 26 2727 27 2828 29 All India Karnataka Uttrakhand Assam Orissa Goa H.P
Haryana Rjasthan Kerala Arunachal Punjab T.N.
ALL KN UT AS OR GA HP HR RJ KR AR PJ TN
Source : Selected Educational Statistics – 2004-05
Transition Rates
Classes
V-VI VI-VII VII-VIII VIII-IX IX-X
2003-04
89.3% 93.3% 94.3% 88.5% 92.5%
2004-05
88.8% 94.8% 94.8% 88.5% 91.4%
Source: Based on Selected Educational Statistics
Expenditure on Education: % age of GDP (Cross Country Comparison)
S.No.
Name of Country 1.
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Denmark Malaysia Israel
Education Sector (as a whole)
8.5
8.1
7.5
Secondary Education
2.9
2.7
2.2
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Kenya Mexico South Africa 7.0
5.3
5.3
1.4
1.5
1.7
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Colombia Australia 5.2
4.9
1.5
1.9
9.
Republic of Korea 4.2
1.8
SOURCE: UNESCO Institute for Statistics, October, 2005 and Selected Educational Statistics, 2002-03.
Expansion of Secondary Education:
Goal
To make secondary education of good quality young persons available, accessible and affordable to all
Expansion of Secondary Education: Objectives
To make all secondary schools conform to prescribed norms Availability and access to every one Within 5 Kms for Secondary schools 7 to 10 Kms for Higher Secondary schools in the 11 th Plan and within 5 Km in the 12 th Plan.
Equity through removal of gender, socio economic and disability barriers To ensure education of good quality for all students
1 2 3 3 4 5 Expansion of Secondary Education : Targets S. No.
Indicator 2002 03 2003 04 2004 05 2011-12 (Target) 6 7 GER (IX-X) 47.0* GER (SC) (IX-X) GER (ST) (IX-X) GER Rural (IX-X) Girls enrolled/100 boys %Trained teachers in Secondary Schools 89 PTR (Secondary) 30 Physical Infrastructure incl. Disabled Access -- NA NA NA 70 51.0* NA NA NA NA NA 31 -- 51.65
45.41
37.16
NA 71 89 75 70 70 70 100 100 32 25 All Schools
Source: Selected Educational Statistics and * As per CABE Report on USE
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Expansion of Secondary Education: Physical Targets 4.
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Additional enrolment by 2011-12 Strengthening of schools Upgradation of higher primary schools Additional teachers in existing : 66 lakh : 44,000 : 17,000 : 3.02 lakh schools Additional teachers for upgraded : 3.61
schools Additional Kendriya Vidyalayas and : 1000 + 700 Navodaya Vidyalayas Girls’ hostels : 3500 27
Expansion of Secondary Education: General Strategies 4.
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Upgrade existing schools to achieve prescribed norms Expand capacity of existing schools Open new schools (mostly by upgradation) in areas with gaps Encourage good quality private schools Expand facilities for open and distance learning Step up allocation to secondary education from 0.9% of GDP to 2% of GDP in stages.
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Expansion of Secondary Education: Components Infrastructure Class-rooms Furniture Toilets Drinking Water Laboratory Library Electricity Phone and Internet Sports facilities Music Facilities Repair and Maintenance 29
Expansion of Secondary Education: Components Contd…… 2.
Teachers Recruitment Deployment Training 3.
Teaching aids ICT Models 4.
School budget 30
Expansion of Secondary Education: Components Contd…… 5.
School Management Headmasters’ capacity building Management Committee Involvement of local bodies 6.
Supervision and monitoring School inspection 7.
Incentives for girls, SC/ST, minorities and rural students 31
Reforms in Secondary Education Curriculum Examination system Teachers School governance Use of ICT 32
Current schemes of Govt. of India
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ICT in Schools Integrated Education for the Disabled Children “SUCCESS” – Universalisation of Access to Secondary Education Means-cum-Merit Scholarship Incentive for Girls Girls’ Hostel Vocationalisation of Secondary Education 33
Expansion of Secondary Education: Some Issues 2.
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Ownership of State Governments and cost sharing Coverage of classes XI and XII Cost recovery and targeted subsidies Private sector participation Supply-side intervention to stimulate demand Effect of demographic transition Possibility of second shifts to reduce capital cost Community contribution and involvement 34
Expansion of Secondary Education: Broad Goal
To universalize secondary education (class IX and X) during the 12
th
Five Year Plan
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