Transcript Comparing paths of creative knowledge regions

Comparing paths of creative
knowledge regions
Sako Musterd
Alan Murie
Zoltan Kovacs
Olga Gritsai
Heike Pethe
ACRE – ‘Accommodating Creative Knowledge –
Competitiveness of European Metropolitan Regions
within the Enlarged Union
• FP6 Integrated Project (2006-2010)
• 13 partners (Amsterdam, Barcelona, Birmingham,
Budapest, Dublin, Helsinki, Leipzig, Milan, Munich,
Poznan, Riga, Sofia, Toulouse)
• First stage: comparing paths of creative knowledge
regions (13 local report + synthesis)
• http://www2.fmg.uva.nl/acre/
Questions to answer:
• Are there common elements in development
paths that relate to the state of Creative and
Knowledge intensive Industries (CKIs)?
• What are the ‘theoretical’ chances of city regions
for developing CKIs?
• What is the difference between the expected
and real results?
Development paths: economic,
historical and geopolitical background
Two major dimensions that underlie the types
of development paths:
• Purely economic factors (allocation factors,
technological change, industrialization models,
institutional and financial systems)
• ‘Societal’ factors (historical, cultural, demographic,
political and geopolitical impact, innovation policy)
Framing creative knowledge cities:
developed hypotheses (1)
Cities known as
• national or international political and economic
decision-making centres
have a better chance for innovative restructuring
for creative and knowledge-based industries.
Framing creative knowledge cities:
developed hypotheses (2)
Cities,
• internationally known as historical-cultural
centres,
especially those with a preserved urban core,
are more attractive for the creative class and
therefore have advantage as potential creative
cities.
Framing creative knowledge cities:
developed hypotheses (3)
Cities
• specialized in high-skilled activity,
• engineering and high-technology activity
• associated with small firms,
• as well as cities with an early service profile,
where industry has never been a dominating
sector,
have a better starting point for creative and
knowledge-based industries than those, which
still have remnants of heavy industry.
Framing creative knowledge cities:
developed hypotheses (4)
Cities with
• good governance and
• financial and
• organisational resources to respond to the
modernisation of the city required by successive
waves of population and economic change
have greater capacity to provide the environment
for creative industry than others.
Framing creative knowledge cities:
developed hypotheses (5)
• Active,
• well formulated properly financed and
• well organised and managed innovation and
technology policy
may be a powerful factor of positive restructuring,
emphasizing the advantages or overcoming the
disadvantages of the past economic pathway.
Framing creative knowledge cities:
developed hypotheses (6)
Cities that are welcoming and pluralistic
• have a better chance of attracting people with
different life styles and cultures
• and have a better chance of benefiting from
innovation.
Connecting with theoretical
perspectives: ‘classic factors’
• North-Western Europe is generally in a more favourable
position (agglomeration economies, connectedness,
governance structure)
• Eastern Europe: high level of education as an asset but
industrial workforce has to be re-trained
Opportunities are best for:
•
•
•
•
Milan, Munich, Amsterdam
Helsinki, Barcelona, Dublin, Leipzig
Birmingham, Budapest, Riga, Toulouse
Poznan, Sofia
Connecting with theoretical
perspectives: ‘soft factors’
Attractive residential environment, tolerance to alternative
lifestyles and ethnic diversity, a lively cultural scene, a
distinctive urban atmosphere, available (public) meeting
places for business and leisure
• W.Europe: Amsterdam, Munich, Barcelona
• E.Europe: Budapest, Leipzig, Riga
• Attractiveness: Amsterdam, Barcelona, Dublin and
Munich
+ Budapest and Riga
Evaluation of hypotheses (1)
Amsterdam
Barcelona
Dublin
Munich
Helsinki
Budapest
Milan
Riga
Sofia
Leipzig
Toulouse
Birmingham
Posznan
Cities known as
national or
international
political and
economic
decisionmaking centre
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Internationally
known
historical-cultural
centres
1
1
1
1
Cities with good
governance
and financial and
organisational
resources
1
1
1
1
1
High-tech activity or
early service
profile, where
industry has never
been a dominating
sector
1
1
1
1
1
Active
innovation
Cities known
and technology as welcoming
policy
and pluralistic
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Source: ACRE Reports
1
1
1
1
Evaluation of hypotheses (2)
• Amsterdam and Barcelona would be expected to have
the best chances for economic success and creative
and knowledge industries, with all the six conditions
present;
• They would be followed by Munich and Dublin, loosing
only in tolerance and level of pluralism;
• Toulouse ranks high but looses the first four groups of
cities by not being a pronounced decision-making or
cultural centre;
• Birmingham, Helsinki and Milan don’t have advantages
of the other Western cities but still are expected to be in
a better position than Eastern Europe and Leipzig;
Employment in creative and knowledge intensive
industries (data collected in 2000-2006, %)
City-regions
Amsterdam
% employment in
creative industries
% employment in
knowledge
intensive
industries
Total % employment in
creative and knowledge
intensive industries
8
18
26
12
10
22
6
19
25
Budapest
13
16
29
Dublin
11
1010
21
Helsinki
7
17
24
Leipzig
9
16
25
14
17
31
Munich
8
21
29
Poznan
77
11
18
Riga
6
23
29
Sofia
8
19
27
Toulouse
6
16
22
Barcelona
Birmingham
Milan
Source: ACRE Reports
Employment in creative and knowledge
intensive industries (2)
A hypothesis:
• City regions tend to develop two different
profiles, one based on the creative sector, the
other on knowledge intensive industries
• There are hardly any city regions where both
sectors are equally strong, even considering
possible errors in figures due to the different
quality of statistics.
Reality versus theory (1)
• Results:
– Western Europe: better initial position but
share of employment in CKI is not higher
– Eastern Europe: good dynamics or the poor
quality of statistics?
• ‘Theoretical leaders’ (Munich, Amsterdam,
Barcelona, Dublin and Toulouse) are not very
pronounced
Reality versus theory (2)
• Who is doing worse than expected?
(Amsterdam, Barcelona, Dublin, Toulouse)
• Who is doing better then expected?
(Milan, Birmingham, Helsinki, Sofia, Riga)
• The difference between the expected and real
results: impact on policy intervention?
Reality versus theory (3)
A hypothesis:
• Cities, where the conditions for the CKI
development are most favourable, often have
less active innovation policy and rely more on
market forces (?)
• In other cities, where the potential looks weaker,
policy is stronger (?)
Conclusions
• Cities have to be helped to recognise their own
historically grown qualities
• Not to confuse path dependency and path
determinancy.
• Difficulty for politicians (and researchers) to look
at one’s city in a broad international context
Ranking of the 13 urban regions on the basis of the annual
number of passengers transported through the air (2006)
50
45
35
30
25
20
15
10
Poznan
Sofia
Leipzig
Riga
Toulouse
Budapest
Birmingham
Helsinki
Dublin
Barcelona
Munich
0
Milan
5
Amsterdam
x 1 Million passengers
40
Source: Airport Council International, 2005
Social issues
• Current neglect of social challenges in the
creative knowledge city policy
• Inequality and polarisation
• Housing issues
• Increasing level of diversity resulting from
immigration