Transcript Historical Development of the Organization of Information

Historical Development of the
Organization of Information
From Antiquity Through Today
7/16/2015
Organiztion of Information, 4400
1
Historical Development of the Organization of
Information: Antiquity
Quick Time™ and a
TIFF (Unc ompres sed) decompres sor
are needed t o s ee t his pict ure.
7/16/2015
2000 BC
Sumerian tablet, one
of the oldest lists of
books, found at
Nippur.
Sixty-two titles are
recorded on this
tablet of which 24 are
titles of currently
known literary works.
Organiztion of Information, 4400
2
Historical Development of the Organization of
Information: Antiquity
1500 BC
The Hittites recorded
bibliographic information
of written works onto
tablets.
Their tablets included
colophons, a set of data at
the end of a "document"
that traced kinds of
bibliographic data, such as
number of the tablet in a
series, its title, and the
name of the scribe.
7/16/2015
Quic kTime™ a nd a
TIFF (Un co mp res sed ) d eco mp resso r
ar e n eed ed to see thi s p ictu re.
Organiztion of Information, 4400
3
Historical Development of the Organization of
Information: Antiquity
7/16/2015
650 BC
The citizens in the city of
Nineveh developed a
library that provided a
collection that had a
systematic means of order
and authenticity.
Greek civilization has
contributed to the
incarnation of the "main
entry" concept, a western
civilization manifestation.
Early Far Eastern societies
and even today designate
a work's title as its main
entry.
Organiztion of Information, 4400
4
Historical Development of the Organization of
Information: Middle Ages
In Europe, there were
church and monastery
libraries. The demand for
knowledge was not of
great interest to the
common man and woman.
7/16/2015
Organiztion of Information, 4400
5
Historical Development of the Organization of
Information: Middle Ages
QuickT i me™ and a
T IFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this pi cture.
7/16/2015
8th century
Catalogs of library
holdings during this
period were largely
inventories of relatively
small collections.
Organiztion of Information, 4400
6
Historical Development of the Organization of
Information: Middle Ages
800 -1200
There is evidence of very
broad subject
arrangements. The
categories were usually
two: Biblical and
Humanistic
At the end of the 13th
century, a milestone in the
organization of
information was
attempted. The Registrum
Librorum Angliae, a union
list of holdings of English
monastery libraries.
7/16/2015
QuickTime™ and a
TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
Organiztion of Information, 4400
7
Historical Development of the Organization of
Information: European Renaissance
QuickTime™ and a
TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
7/16/2015
1450
Johannes Gensfleisch
(known also known
Gutenberg), invents the
printing press, which uses
moveable type made of
cast metal.
Organiztion of Information, 4400
8
Historical Development of the Organization of
Information: European Renaissance
Beginning in 1450,
Gutenberg perfects the
machine and in 1455
publishes the Bible. The
process spreads across
Europe with astonishing
speed.
The process spreads
across Europe with
astonishing speed. By
1470 there are printing
shops in Paris, Florence,
Naples and Poland.
7/16/2015
Organiztion of Information, 4400
9
Historical Development of the Organization of
Information: European Renaissance
1550 ca.
St. Martins Priory at Dover,
the first list designated as
a catalog.
The catalog had 3 sections
of arrangement.
Alphabetical author listing
Alphabetical title listing
Call number
7/16/2015
Organiztion of Information, 4400
10
Historical Development of the Organization of
Information: European Renaissance
1596
Andrew Maunsell, an English
bookseller, compiled his
Catalog of English Printed
Books that was prefaced
with rules of entry.
Maunsell introduced the
entry of personal names
listed under surnames rather
than forenames.
This concept helped to
promote the early
developments of
bibliographic control.
7/16/2015
Organiztion of Information, 4400
11
Historical Development of the Organization of
Information: European Renaissance
Early 1600s
College libraries were
just developing with
very small collections
that were arranged in
an inventory fashion.
7/16/2015
Organiztion of Information, 4400
12
Historical Development of the Organization of
Information: From Inventories to Codifying Devices
1540s - 1590s
Konrad Gesner
published an author
bibliography.
Included was a
preface that offered
cross-references
and variations of
names.
Konrad Gesnar
published a subject
index
7/16/2015
Organiztion of Information, 4400
13
Historical Development of the Organization of
Information: From Inventories to Codifying Devices
1600s
Frederic Rostgaard
published a discourse on
cataloging in which he
called for subject
arrangement subdivided
chronologically and by
size of volume.
Rostgaard also promoted
a supplementary author
index.
7/16/2015
Organiztion of Information, 4400
14
Historical Development of the Organization of
Information: From Inventories to Codifying Devices
1803
Following the French Revolution,
the French government sent out
instructions for cataloging the
collections of the libraries that
had been confiscated throughout
France.
This marks the first instance of a
national code. Libraries were
directed to make card catalogs-the first instance of card
catalogs.
The reverse sides of playing
cards were used as the source
for recording the information.
7/16/2015
Organiztion of Information, 4400
15
Historical Development of the Organization of
Information: Period of Codification
1840s
Anthony Panizzi, a lawyer
and political refugee from
Italy and a assistant
librarian at the British
Museum was a strong
advocate of cataloging and
subject analysis.
Panizzi authored a
cataloging code known as
the "91 rules". Panizzi is
credited with the start of
developing the "modern"
theories of cataloging.
7/16/2015
Organiztion of Information, 4400
16
Historical Development of the Organization of
Information: Period of Codification
1850s
Charles C. Jewett marked
the introduction of the
American influence to
cataloging and
arrangement.
Jewett build on Panizzi's
earlier efforts.
Jewett is credited with
developing rules for entry
as they relate corporate
authors.
7/16/2015
Organiztion of Information, 4400
17
Historical Development of the Organization of
Information: Period of Codification
1876
Charles Cutter published
his Rules for a Printed
Dictionary Catalogue.
Cutter's efforts placed
emphasis on establishing
rules on filing entries.
Cutter was also the first to
establish rules for subject
headings.
7/16/2015
Organiztion of Information, 4400
18
Historical Development of the Organization of
Information: Period of Codification
1876
Melvil Dewey, issued
anonymously the first
edition of his
classification.
Dewey divided all
knowledge into ten main
classes, with each of those
divided again into ten
divisions, and each of
those divided into ten
sections.
The DDC is now in its 22nd
edition.
7/16/2015
Organiztion of Information, 4400
19
Historical Development of the Organization of
Information: Description
1900’s
In the twentieth century,
the emphasis on
description was rooted in
codes.
The British and the
Americans collaborated on
a code in 1908.
This collaboration was
significant, because it
serves as the first
international cataloging
code to be established.
7/16/2015
Organiztion of Information, 4400
20
Historical Development of the Organization of
Information: Description
1931
Americans and Italians
collaborated to published the
Vatican Code.
It was quickly accepted by
catalogers in many countries
as the best and most
complete code in existence,
but because it was written in
Italian, most Americans could
not apply it.
7/16/2015
Organiztion of Information, 4400
21
Historical Development of the Organization of
Information: Description
1941
The British and the
Americans cooperated on
publishing a second
edition to the volume that
was written in 1908.
This code was written in
two parts: one for entry
and heading, and one for
description.
7/16/2015
Organiztion of Information, 4400
22
Historical Development of the Organization of
Information: Description
1941
The Library of
Congress (LC) Rules
for Descriptive
Cataloging, served as
a substitute to the
second part of the
British and the
American effort.
7/16/2015
Organiztion of Information, 4400
23
Historical Development of the Organization of
Information: Description
1949
The Americans and the
British collaborated to
establish the AngloAmerican Cataloging
Rules.
Because there was
disagreement on a few
points, this work was
published in two separate
versions: North American
and British.
7/16/2015
Organiztion of Information, 4400
24
Historical Development of the Organization of
Information: Description
1967
The presidents of the
colleges and universities
in the state of Ohio
founded the Ohio College
Library Center (OCLC) to
develop a computerized
system in which the
libraries of Ohio academic
institutions could share
resources and reduce
costs.
7/16/2015
Organiztion of Information, 4400
25
Historical Development of the Organization of
Information: Description
1969 -1975
The International
Federation of Library
Associations (IFLA) issued
the International Standard
Bibliographic Description
(ISBD), produced as a
means for the international
communication of
bibliographic information.
7/16/2015
Organiztion of Information, 4400
26
Historical Development of the Organization of
Information: Description
1969 -1975
The ISBD's objectives
were to make records
from different sources
interchangeable, to
facilitate their
interpretation against
language barriers, and
to facilitate the
conversion of such
records to machinereadable form.
7/16/2015
Organiztion of Information, 4400
27
Historical Development of the Organization of
Information: Description
1977
The Research
Libraries Information
Network (RLIN) was
established to
particularly to serve
research libraries.
7/16/2015
Organiztion of Information, 4400
28
Historical Development of the Organization of
Information: Description
1998
The AACR2 was published
to accommodate the
developments established
by the ISBD, to address
nonbook materials, to take
into account machine
processing of
bibliographic records, and
to reconcile the British
and American texts.
7/16/2015
Organiztion of Information, 4400
29
Historical Development of the Organization of
Information: Description
2002 - 2005
The AACR2r was
published to
accommodate the
developments
established by the
ISBD, to address more
specifically electronic
materials and webbased resources.
7/16/2015
Organiztion of Information, 4400
30
Historical Development of the Organization of
Information: Description
Jan. 1, 2007
The 978 prefix will be added in front
of the current ISBN-10 and with the
addition of a new check digit at the
end, the new ISBN-13 is created.
This change is happening for the
following reasons:
to expand the numbering capacity of
the ISBN system and alleviate
numbering shortages in certain
areas of the world;
to fully align the numbering system
for books with the global EAN.UCC
identification system that is widely
used to identify most other
consumer goods worldwide.
7/16/2015
Organiztion of Information, 4400
31