Transcript JPN494: Japanese Language and Linguistics JPN520: Advanced

JPN494/598: History of the
Japanese Language
Sound Changes (1)
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Consonants: speech-sounds produced when
the speaker either stops or severely
constricts the airflow in vocal tract.
Vowels: speech-sounds produced with a
relatively open vocal tract.
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Voicing: A voiced sound is produced when
air from the lungs causes the vocal folds
(vocal cords) to vibrate.
The phonetic system of modern Japanese
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How many vowels? How many consonants?
Syllable structures
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open syllables (CV) are predominant.
no consonant sequences within a syllable (cf.
strike, tips).
Pitch accents (as opposed to stress accents)
五十音図 (ごじゅうおんず)
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What does each kana represent?
mora: a unit larger than “phone”, but smaller
than “syllable”
phone = 音 (おん)
syllable = 音節 (おんせつ)
mora = モーラ, 拍 (はく)
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Japanese is a mora-timed language.
English is a stress-timed language:
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“Stressed syllables appear at a roughly constant rate, and
non-stressed syllables are shortened to accommodate
this.”
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key vs. keen
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木 (き) vs. 金 (きん)
木 (き) vs. キー
餓鬼 (がき) ‘brat’ vs. 楽器 (がっき) ‘musical
instrument’
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行 (ぎょう): アカサタナハマヤラワ
段 (だん): アイウエオ
清音 (せいおん) ・半濁音 (はんだくおん)・濁音
(だくおん)
直音 (ちょくおん) ・拗音 (ようおん)
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ン, ッ, ー
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委員 (いいん) ‘commission’
必死 (ひっし) ‘desperate’
客観的 (きゃっかんてき) ‘objective’
九州大学 (きゅうしゅうだいがく)
ジェットコースター
Each upper case kana, “ー”, and “っ” counts as
one mora.
Lower case kana’s other than “っ” (“ゃ”, “ゅ”, “ょ”,
etc.) do not count as one mora.
ア行 (vowels)
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ア [a]: low-central-unrounded
イ [i]: high-front-unrounded
ウ [u] ([ɯ]): high-back-unrounded
エ [e]: middle-front-unrounded
オ [o]: middle-back-rounded
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short vs. long vowels (短音 たんおん vs. 長音
ちょうおん, 短母音 たんぼいん vs. 長母音 ちょ
うぼいん)
岡さん [okasaɴ] vs. お母さん [oka:saɴ]
おばさん [obasaɴ] vs. おばあさん [oba:saɴ]
cf. hit [hɪt] vs. heat [hit]
hit, hood, … = lax (short) vowels,
heat, food, … = tense (long) vowels
Vowel sequences vs. diphothongs
 鷹 [taka] vs. 高い [takai]
 釜 [kama] vs. 構え [kamae]
カ行
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カ: [ka]
キ: [kji]
ク: [ku]
ケ: [ke]
コ: [ko]
[k]: voiceless, velar, stop (plosive)
[kj]: palatalized [k]
palatalization: the phenomenon whereby the tongue
body approaches the hard palate (and the lips spread out)
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non-palatarized vs. palatarized consonants
(直音 ちょくおん vs. 拗音 ようおん)
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キャ: [kja]
キュ: [kju]
(キェ: [kje])
キョ: [kjo]
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客 (きゃく) ‘guest’
きゅうり (胡瓜) ‘cucumber’
距離 (きょり) ‘distance’
キャット [kjat:o] vs. カット [kat:o]
ガ行
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ガ: [ga]
ギ: [gji]
グ: [gu]
ゲ: [ge]
ゴ: [go]
[g]: voiced, velar, stop
[gj]: palatarized [g]
清音 (せいおん) vs. 濁音 (だくおん)
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ギャ: [gja]
ギュ: [gju]
(ギェ: [gje])
ギョ: [gjo]
逆転 (ぎゃくてん) ‘reversal’
牛乳 (ぎゅうにゅう) ‘milk’
玉座 (ぎょくざ) ‘throne’
サ行
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サ: [sa]
シ: [ʃi]
ス: [su]
セ: [se]
ソ: [so]
[s]: voiceless, alveolar, fricative
[ʃ]: voiceless, alveo-palatal, fricative
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シャ: [ʃa]
シュ: [ʃu]
シェ: [ʃe]
ショ: [ʃo]
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(スィ: [si], [sji])
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cf. she [ʃi], see [s(j)i]
車輪 (しゃりん)
修理 (しゅうり)
シェイク
少年 (しょうねん)
ザ行
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ザ: [ʣa] ~ [za]
ジ: [ʤi] (~ [ʒi] in rapid speech)
ズ: [ʣu] ~ [zu]
ゼ: [ʣe] ~ [ze]
ゾ: [ʣo] ~ [zo]
[ʣ]: voiced, alveolar, affricate
[z]: voiced, alveolar, fricative
[ʤ]: voiced, alveo-palatal, affricate
[ʒ]: voiced, alveo-palatal, fricative
[X] ~ [Y] : free variation
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ジャ: [ʤa] (~ [ʒa]) 砂利 (じゃり) ‘pebbles’
ジュ: [ʤu] (~ [ʒu]) 十 (じゅう)
ジェ: [ʤe] (~ [ʒe]) ジェット機 (じぇっとき)
‘jet plane’
ジョ: [ʤo] (~ [ʒo]) 状態 (じょうたい) ‘state’
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(ズィ: [ʣ(j)i] ~ [z(j)i])
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タ行
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タ: [ta]
チ: [ʧi]
ツ: [ʦu]
テ: [te]
ト: [to]
[t]: voiceless, alveolar, stop
[ʧ]: voiceless, alveo-palatal, affricate
[ʦ]: voiceless, alveolar, affricate
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チャ: [ʧa]
チュ: [ʧu]
チェ: [ʧe]
チョ: [ʧo]
茶会 (ちゃかい) ‘tea party’
注意 (ちゅうい) ‘attention’
チェス ‘chess’
蝶 (ちょう) ‘butterfly’
(ツァ: [ʦa])
(ツィ: [ʦji])
(ツェ: [ʦe])
(ツォ: [ʦo])
おとっつぁん, ツァラトストラかく語りき
ティ: [ti]
(トゥ: [tu])
ティー
ダ行
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ダ: [da]
ヂ=ジ
ヅ=ズ
デ: [de]
ド: [do]
[d]: voiced, alveolar, stop
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ディ: [dji]
デュ: [dju]
(デョ: [djo])
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(ドゥ: [du])
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ディレクター
デュース
ナ行
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ナ: [na]
ニ: [nji]
ヌ: [nu]
ネ: [ne]
ノ: [no]
[n]: (voiced,) alveolar, nasal
[nj]: palatalized [n]
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ニャ: [nja]
ニュ: [nju]
(ニェ: [nje])
ニョ: [njo]
こんにゃく
乳牛 (にゅうぎゅう)
‘milk cow’
女房 (にょうぼう) ‘wife’
ハ行
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ハ: [ha]
ヒ: [çi]
フ: [ɸu]
ヘ: [he]
ホ: [ho]
[h]: voiceless, glottal, fricative
[ç]: voiceless, palatal, fricative
[ɸ]: voiceless, bilabial, fricative
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ヒャ: [ça]
ヒュ: [çu]
(ヒェ: [çe])
ヒョ: [ço]
百 (ひゃく)
ヒュー
ファ: [ɸa]
フィ: [ɸji]
フェ: [ɸe]
フォ: [ɸo]
ファイル
フィッシュ
フェリー
フォーカス
氷河 (ひょうが) ‘glacier’
パ行
(半濁音 はんだくおん)
 パ: [pa]
 ピ: [pji]
 プ: [pu]
 ペ: [pe]
 ポ: [po]
[p]: voiceless, bilabial, stop
[pj]: palatarized [p]
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ピャ: [pja]
ピュ: [pju]
(ピェ: [pje])
ピョ: [pjo]
六百 (ろっぴゃく)
コンピュータ
発表 (はっぴょう)
バ行
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バ: [ba]
ビ: [bji]
ブ: [bu]
ベ: [be]
ボ: [bo]
[b]: voiced, bilabial, stop
[bj]: palatarized [b]
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ビャ: [bja]
ビュ: [bju]
(ビェ: [bje])
ビョ: [bjo]
白檀 (びゃくだん) ‘sandal-wood’
誤謬 (ごびゅう) ‘error’
鋲 (びょう) ‘rivet, tack’
マ行
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マ: [ma]
ミ: [mji]
ム: [mu]
メ: [me]
モ: [mo]
[m]: (voiced,) bilabial, nasal
[mj]: palatalized [m]
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ミャ: [mja]
ミュ: [mju]
(ミェ: [mje])
ミョ: [mjo]
脈 (みゃく)
ミュージック
茗荷 (みょうが)
ヤ行
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ヤ: [ja]
ユ: [ju]
(イェ: [je])
ヨ: [jo]
[j]: (voiced,) palatal, approximant
cf. east [ist] vs. yeast [jist]
ラ行
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ラ: [ɾa] ~ [la] ~ [ra]
リ: [ɾji] ~ [lji] ~ [rji]
ル: [ɾu] ~ [lu] ~ [ru]
レ: [ɾe] ~ [le] ~ [re]
ロ: [ɾo] ~ [lo] ~ [ro]
[ɾ]: alveolar, flap
[l]: alveolar, lateral approximant
[r]: alveolar, trill
リャ: [ɾja] ~ [lja] ~ [rja] 略す ‘to omit’
 リュ: [ɾju] ~ [lju] ~ [rju] 竜 (りゅう)
‘dragon’
 (リェ: [ɾje] ~ [lje] ~ [rje])
 リョ: [ɾjo] ~ [ljo] ~ [rjo] 旅行 (りょこう)
‘trip’
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ワ行
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ワ: [wa]
ウィ (ヰ): [w(j)i]
ウェ (ヱ): [we]
ウォ (ヲ): [wo]
ウィザード
ウェルダン
ウォークマン
[w]: (labial-)velar approximant
[wj]: palatalized [w]
cf. ooze [uz] vs. woos [wuz]
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ワ行拗音 (labialized consonants)
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クァ, クェ, クォ [kwa], [kwe], [kwo]
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クァルテット, クォーツ, …
グァ, グェ, グォ [kwa], [kwe], [kwo]
…
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ビオラ or ヴィオラ? ベルサイユ or ヴェルサイ
ユ?
“ヴァ”, “ヴィ”, “ヴ”, “ヴェ”, “ヴォ” can be
pronounced either with [v] or [b].
ン (撥音 はつおん)
ン is pronounced in a number of different ways
(nasal assimilation)
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券 (けん)
心配 (しんぱい)
今度 (こんど)
今日 (こんにち)
天気 (てんき)
[keɴ] (～ [keŋ] ～ [ken])
[ʃimpai]
[kondo]
[konjnjiʧi]
[teŋki]
[ŋ]: velar nasal (cf. 科学 [kagaku] ～ [kaŋaku])
[ɴ]: uvular nasal
ッ (促音 そくおん)
ッ is realized as lengthening (by one mora) of the
following consonant:
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sustained closure
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一杯 (いっぱい)
一体 (いったい)
一回 (いっかい)
ブッダ
バッグ
[ip:ai]
[it:ai]
[ik:ai]
[bud:a]
[bag:u]
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エッジ
[eʤ:i]
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sustained stricture
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必死 (ひっし)
[çiʃ:i]