Transcript Early Computer History

Early Computer
History
How it all began
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Early Computer History
 Pascalene 1624
 The first accurate
mechanical calculator
 Created by Blaise Pascal
 Used to add, subtract,
multiply, and divide
 Jacquard Loom 1820
 Created by Joseph Jacquard
 A machine that automated the
weaving of complex patterns
 Used holes punched in cards
to automate the process
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Early Computer History
Analytical Engine 1834
Created by Charles Babbage
The father of computing
The first automatic calculator
Includes components similar to
those found in today's computers
 Hollerith Tabulating Machine 1890
 Created by Herman Hollerith
 Used punch cards to tabulate
census data
 Hollerith started the Tabulating Machine
Company, which later became IBM
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Early Computer History

Z1 1936
 Created by Konrad Zuse
 The Z1 is a mechanical
calculator
 It included a control
unit and memory
functions
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Atanasoff-Berry
Computer 1939
 Created by John
Atanasoff and Clifford
Berry
 The first electrically
powered digital
computer
 Used vacuum tubes to
store data
 The first computer to
use the binary system
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Atansoff-Berry Computer
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Early Computer History

Harvard Mark I 1944
 Created by Howard Aiken and Grace
Hopper
 A computer used by the US Navy for
ballistics calculations
 Hopper’s contribution to computing
was
 Invention of the compiler
 Coined the term “computer bug”
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Turing Machine 1939
 Created by Alan Turing
 A hypothetical model that defined a
mechanical procedure or algorithm
 Concept of an infinite tape that
could read, write, and erase was
precursor to today’s RAM
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1st use of “computer bug”
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Early Computer History
 ENIAC 1944
 Created by John W.
Mauchly and J. Presper
Eckert
 The first successful
high-speed electronic
digital computer
ENIAC
 UNIVAC 1951
 The first commercially
successful electronic
digital computer
 Used magnetic tape
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UNIVAC
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Early Computer History
 Transistors 1945
 Invented at Bell Laboratories
 Replaces vacuum tubes
 Integrated circuits 1958
 Invented by Jack Kilby of Texas
Instruments
 A small chip containing
thousands of transistors
 Enabled computers to become
smaller and lighter
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Early Computer History
 Microprocessor chip 1971
 Created by Intel Corporation
 A small chip containing millions of transistors
 It functions as the central processing unit (CPU)
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Computer Generations
 First-generation computers (1946–1958)
 UNIVAC
 Use vacuum tubes to store data
 Second-generation computers (1959–
1964)
 Use transistors to store data
 Third-generation computers (1965–1970)
 Use integrated circuits
 Fourth-generation computers (1971–
Today)
 Use a microprocessor chip
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Intel 8080 and the
Altair 8800
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The first microcomputer
Sold as a kit
Switches for input
Lights for output
Gates and Allen create
a compiler for Basic
 MITS receives 4,000
orders
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Beginners All-Purpose
Symbolic Instruction
Code (BASIC)
 Revolutionized the
software industry
 Programming language
that beginners could
easily learn
 Key language of the PC
 Bill Gates and Paul
Allen used BASIC to
write the program for
the Altair
 Led to the creation of
Microsoft
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Apple I and Apple II
 Apple I built by Steve
Wozniak in 1976
 Apple II developed by
Steve Jobs in 1977
 Uses Motorola
processor
 First fully contained
microcomputer
 Highly successful
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Early Competitors
 Commodore
 TRS-80
 Osborne
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IBM PC
 IBM enters small
computer market 1981
 Uses open architecture
 Purchases operating
system from Microsoft
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Graphical User
Interface
 Xerox
Xerox Alto
 Palo Alto
Research
Center
 Alto: 1972
 Apple
 Lisa: 1983
 Macintosh:
1984
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The Internet Boom
 Mosaic
 Netscape
 Internet
Explorer
 Windows 95
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Computer
Hardware
Central Processing Unit &
Random Access Memory
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The CPU:
Processing Digital
Information
 CPU is the brains of
the computer
 Different types of
CPUs
 Intel and AMD chips: Used
in most Windows-based
PCs
 Apple systems use
different CPU design
 Differentiating CPUs
 Processing power
 Clock speed and cache
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The Control Unit
• Manages the switches inside the
CPU
 Is programmed by CPU
designers to remember the
sequence of processing stages
for that CPU
 Moves each switch to its
correct setting (on or off) and
then performs the work of that
stage
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The Arithmetic Logic
Unit (ALU)
• Part of the CPU designed to
perform mathematical operations
(addition, subtraction,
multiplication, division, etc.)
• Also performs logical OR, AND, and
NOT operations
 Is fed data from the CPU registers
 Word size: Number of bits a computer
can work with at a time
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Registers
 Small areas of storage in the
CPU
 Holds data and results of
current operations
 Holds current instruction
 Holds address in memory of
next instruction to execute
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The CPU Machine Cycle
 Fetch
 The program’s binary code is “fetched” from its
temporary location in RAM and moved to the CPU
 Decode
 The program’s binary code is decoded into commands
the CPU understands.
 Execute
 The ALU performs the calculations.
 Store
 The results are stored in the registers
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The System Clock
 Located on the motherboard
 Controls the CPU’s processing
cycles
 Clock cycle
 Pulse or tick
 Clock speed
 Number of pulses per second
 Measured in hertz (Hz)
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Making Computers
Faster
 Dual processing
 Two CPUs on the same
system
 Each processor
shares the workload
Dual processors
 Parallel processing
 Network of
computers
 Each computer works
on a portion of the
problem
simultaneously
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Making Computers
Faster
 Pipelining: The CPU processes more than one
instruction at a time
Non-pipelined CPU
Instruction 1
Fetch
Decode
Execute
Store
Instruction 2
Fetch
Decode
Execute
Store
Pipelined CPU
Instruction 1
Fetch
Instruction 2
Decode
Fetch
Decode
Store
Execute
Store
Fetch
Decode
Execute
Store
Instruction 4
Fetch
Decode
Execute
Instruction 3
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Execute
Store
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Moore’s Law
 Number of transistors on a CPU
will double every 18 months
 First chip had 29,000
transistors
 Pentium chip 169,000,000
transistors
 Moore’s Law has been accurate
for 25 years
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Cache Memory
 Small amount of
memory located on
the CPU chip or near
it
 Stores recent or
frequently used
instructions and data
 Used for quick
access by the CPU
 Different levels of
cache
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RAM: The Next Level of
Temporary Storage
 Volatile: When you turn off your computer,
the data is erased
 Several kinds of RAM exist
 Each type of RAM has a different
design
 Some types work at much faster speeds
 Some transfer data more quickly
 Primary Storage
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Memory Modules & RAM
Memory modules:
 SIMM
 DIMM
 Types of RAM:
 SRAM
 DRAM
 SDRAM
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Types of RAM: DRAM
 Dynamic RAM (DRAM)
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Cheapest and most basic type of RAM
Loses its electrical charge
Needs to be refreshed
Many types of DRAM
 SDRAM: Synchronous DRAM
 DDR SDRAM: Double data rate
SDRAM
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Types of RAM: SRAM
 Static RAM (SRAM)
 Does not lose its electrical
charge
 Faster than DRAM
 More expensive than DRAM
 Used only in locations like
cache memory
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More Memory Types
 Read Only Memory - ROM
 Complementary Metal-oxide
Semiconductor - CMOS
 Video Ram
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Buses: The CPU’s Data
Highway
 Bus
 Electrical pathway used to move data between
components
 Local bus: Connects the CPU with the memory
 Expansion bus: Connects the CPU with
peripheral devices
01100010
01001000
01110011
00100111
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Bus Performance
 Bus clock speed
 Rate of speed data moves
from one location to
another
 Measured in Mhz (millions of
clock cycles per second)
 Bus width
 The number of bits of data
moved on a bus at any one time
 Measured in bits
 16 bits
 32 bits
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