Transcript Chapter 15 The New Deal - Mr. K's Website

Chapter 15
The New Deal
Section 1: A New Deal Fights
the Depression
Bell Ringer 15.1 Part I
Confidence—First Inaugural Address
http://www.americanrhetoric.com/speeches/fdrfirstinaugural.html
Listen/Watch/Read/Answer
1. According to FDR, what is the biggest
obstacle the nation faces?
2. How would you say this is different than
Hoover’s approach?
Americans Want Change
• 1932 election shows
America wants
change
• Americans
frustrated with
Republican policy
• Hoover blamed for
all wrongs
Electing FDR
• Democrats pick FDR
• Former gov. of NY
– Optimistic
– Reform minded
Waiting for FDR
to take over:
• FDR is elected in
1932, but not in
office till 1933
• He is active in those
months
– Picked advisors
– Brain Trust
– Came up with New
Deal
100 Days
• Passed 15 bills in 1
month
• Bank Holiday
– Closed banks
– Passed Emergency
Banking Relief Act
• Treasury department
could inspect banks
• If they were sound,
they could reopen, if
not they stayed
closed
Confidence: Fireside Chats
– Made America feel
connected
– Explained laws in
simple terms
Regulating Banking and
Finance
• Glass Steagall Act
passed in 1932
– Established FDIC
(Federal Deposit
Insurance Corporation)
• Insurance on
accounts up to 5000/
people felt better
and put money back
in accounts
– Made Banks cautious
with people’s money
• Federal Securities Act
– Business had to be honest
about what companies are
worth
• Securities and Exchange
Commission
– created under Federal
Securities act
– Try to stop insider
information and corruption
– Repeal Prohibition to try to
encourage business
Alphabet Soup
Read Pages 491-2 and complete chart
Program
1. AAA
2. TVA
3. CCC
4. FERA
5. PWA
6. CWA
7. HOLC
Who did it help?
Farmers
What was its immediate purpose?
Pay farmers not to farm, or destroy
surplus. Cut back on surplus, stop prices
from going down.
What was its long term
goal?
To raise crop prices and farm
incomes
Alphabet Soup
Helping the American people:
• FDR wanted to help
the American
people too, not just
the banks
• 1. Rural Assistance
– Agricultural
Adjustment Act of
1933
• Lower production of farm
goods to increase price
• Plow fields under
• Some resistance because
looked as waste, but did
raise price
• Tennessee Valley
Authority
–
–
–
–
–
Build a dam
Provide electricity
Flood control
Had to move people
Criticized as a waste
by some people
Work Projects
– Help others besides
farmers too
• Civilian
Conservation Corps
– Cash for work
– Break trails, plant
trees, stop erosion
– 3 million workers
NIRA (National Industrial
Recovery Act)
• Passed to make sure
businesses grew, but
treated workers well
– Created PWA (Public Works
Administration)
• Money given to states to
create jobs
• Build schools and
community buildings
• Construction projects to
get people to work
– Also created CWA: (Civil
Works Administration)
• Provided immediate
work, off streets
• Paid for teachers too
Promoting
Fair Practices
– NRA: National
Recovery
Administration
– Created by NIRA
– FDR wanted to
establish fair prices
in business
– Set prices, stop
wage cuts and
layoffs
Food, Clothing Shelter
• Home Owners Loan
Corporation
- provided govt.
loans to stop
foreclosures
• Federal Housing
Administration (FHA)
– Provided loans for
mortgages and repairs
on houses
• Federal Emergency Relief
Administrations (FERA)
– Direct relief
– Food and clothing
– Get people jobs
Part II:
The New Deal Under Attack
• Many benefitted, but
some argued against:
• Deficit Spending
– Spending more money
then the government
has
– Necessary evil to FDR,
but criticized for it
– Some say FDR did not
do enough: Liberals
– Some said he did too
much: Conservatives
John Maynard Keynes
Supreme
Court Reacts
– Said gave too much
power to president and
not the federal
governments
responsibility
– Struck down NIRA
– Struck down AAA
– FDR mad, tries to add
more people to SC that
would favor his
decisions, but people in
US said he was abusing
power (Court Packing)
Critics of FDR
• Charles Coughlin
– Royal Oak Priest
– Agreed with FDR, then
changed
– Was anti-Semitic
• Dr. Francis Townsend
– FDR needed to do more
for the poor and elderly
– Led to creation of social
security
• Huey Long
– Share Our Wealth
program
– Tax the rich
– “Every man a king, but
no one wears a crown”
1949
2006
Occupy Wall Street
3 Critics of FDR: Read page 492-493
Critics
1. Fr. Coughlin
2. Dr. Townshend
3. Huey Long
Arguments Against the New Deal
Alternatives
Section 2 The New Deal takes hold:
The Second Hundred Days
– People trusted FDR
– He was optimistic,
smiled, and they
liked Eleanor
– Supportive
– Humanitarian
– Social conscience
1936 Election: Reelecting FDR
• R: Landon
• D: FDR
• FDR Wins
Helping Farmers: Focussing on
Farms
– Needed new laws since
AAA was
unconstitutional
• Soil Conservation and
Allotment Act
– Cutting down on what
you produce and
conservation methods
– Rewarded farmers who
could show they
decreased production
• AAA #2
– Much like AAA 1
– Helped farmers
recover
– Paid farmers to not
produce as much
– Was OK with SC this
time because it did
NOT tax to make
money to pay the
farmers
• Resettlement
Administration
– Helps
sharecroppers,
migrant workers,
and poor farmers
– Money for loans for
own land
– Replaced by Farm
Security
Administration
– Recorded their
stories on film and
Roosevelt Extends Relief
• Works Progress
Administration
– Headed by Harry Hopkins
– Create jobs for
professionals, women
and children
– Some critics
– Gave people dignity
– 11 billion dollars to
employ 8 million people
– Also built airports, roads,
and buildings
– Hired people to be city
guides
• National Youth
Administration
– Education,
counseling, and
recreation
– Student aid for
school
– Part time jobs
•
Improving Labor and Other
Reforms
NIRA declared
unconstitutional
• Needed new law to protect
workers
• Wagner Act
– Collective bargaining
– Could not interfere with
unions
– Established “Unfair Labor
Practices”
said it was illegal to
threaten workers
- Set up the National Labor
Relations Board to
investigate unfair
practices
• Fair Labor and
Standards Act
– Max hours 44
– Min. wage .25/hr
– Rules for minors at
work
• Social Security
– Old age insurance
for over 65
– Unemployment
compensation:
money if you lost
your job
– Aid to families with
Dependent children
and disabled
Regulating Utilities
• FDR wanted to give
everyone equal
access
• Rural Electrification
act
– Bring electricity to
outlying areas
• Public Utility
Holding Company
Act
– Made sure
monopolies of
power did not exist
Section 3: New Deal Brings Opportunities and
women making their mark
-Women
– Women allowed in
government jobs
• Francis Perkins: First
female cabinet
– Secretary of Labor
– Helped create Social
Security
• Still some problems
– Job discrimination
– Wife’s should not
work
– Lower minimum
wage
African
Americans
– Some steps
forward through
the leadership of
African
Americans:
1. A. Philip
Randolph:
• Organized all
Black trade union
• Brotherhood of
Sleeping Car
African American Leadership Roles
Mary McLeod
Bethune
– Appt. to Division
of Negro Affairs
– Made sure Af/Am
hired and
educated
– Organized Black
Cabinet
» Advised FDR on
African American
Issues
» 1st time African
Americans had
real voice in
Federal
Government
• FDR never seemed
involved directly in CR
• Focused on Depression
and not individuals
• Afraid he would lose
Southern Demo. vote
• Relied on Eleanor and
advisors (Marian
Anderson)
• However, African
American community
trusted FDR as best
hope
Mexican
Americans
– Supported the New
Deal
– Discriminated
against
– Worked worst jobs,
worst pay
– 9 cents an hour
– Accused of taking
jobs
– Racism rears head
Native Americans
– Supported New Deal
– Native Americans get
full citizenship 1933
– John Collier: Head of
Indian Affairs
• Helped create the
Indian Reorganization
Act
• Change in US policy
What did
IRA do:
– Economic:
reservation
belonged to tribe
– Cultural: school on
reservations
– Political
• Elect tribal
councils
• Overall return
power back to
tribe
FDR Creates New Deal
Coalition
• People of
different
backgrounds
come together to
support New Deal
• Supported
Democratic party
Unions Flourish
• Better working
conditions for
labor, unions
grow
• FDR seemed like
a friend to labor
• CIO formed for
unskilled workers
– Congress of
Industrial
Strikes
• 1937 sit down strike
– Flint MI
– Violation of public
property?
1937 Republic Steel:
Chi
turned violent
Memorial Day
Massacre
84 wounded, 10
killed
gov. forces company
to bargain
Labor gains support
but hard earned
• 1936 Election
• FDR had support
• Would he run
again?
• Break tradition?
Section 4: Culture
• Movies
– Although facing hard
times, movies were
an escape
– Affordable
– Propaganda
– Source of news
– Gone with the Wind,
Wizard of Oz, Snow
White
– Comedies and
Gangsters were
famous topics
• Radio
–
–
–
–
Offered escape
Relatively cheap
Entertainment
Orson Wells and
War of the Worlds
– Hindenburg Crash
• First worldwide
disaster broadcast
Art
• More serious and
somber topics
• Strength of
character important
• WPA:
– Paid artists to make
America look nice
• Diego Rivera
• Wood Guthrie
Writers
• Federal Writers Project
– Helped writers by giving
them work
• Richard Wright: Native
Son
– African American struggling
in white world
• Steinbeck: Grapes of
Wrath
– Tale of Oakies and Arkies
• All in all writers recognize
flaws, but pointed out
strengths in American
Character that could
overcome hard times
Section 5: New Deal Reforms
Endure
– Could see light at end of
tunnel in 1937
– Still had a long way to go
– FDR had to cut back
money from some
programs because they
were costing too much
• Supporters and Critics
– Same complaints,
liberals say not enough
and conservatives say
too much
– FDR did best he could to
find balance
Expanding Governments Role in
Economy
•
Government had a bigger role
thanks to FDR
– Protecting rights
• Wagner Act
• Fair Labor and Standards Act
– Restoring trust in banks
• FDIC
• SEC
– Social Effects
• Social Security
• SOL for rural areas
• Some Civil Rights gains
– Environment
• CCC
• TVA
– The new Deal helped us out of
Great Depression. It was not
perfect, but what we needed.