Transcript Plankton - Kellam High School Oceanography Main Menu

Created by Phyllis Butler
The Basics
What are plankton?
Phyto = plant
Plankton = wanderer
Not strong swimmers
they are carried by
currents
Phytoplankton are
autotrophic
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LOcations
Plankton is found in Pelagic ( Open ocean)
and Neritic ( Coastal) regions.
Plankton can be collected using a plankton
net and flow meter.
The Fish larvae population is denser in the
Pelagic.
Zoea crab population is denser in the
Neritic.
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Importance of Phytoplankton
Phytoplankton is
the base of the
food chain.
Phytoplankton
population
decline causes
zooplankton and
apex predators to
decline .
Apex Predators
Zooplankton
Phytoplankton
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PYTOPlankton
COCCPLITHOPHORES
Made of calcium (Calcareous)
Dissolve at low temperature
DIATOMS = dominant
Made of silica (glass) In cold
nutrient rich water. Golden blooms
DINOFLAGELLATES
Heterotrophic with flagella
Low light
Cause Red Tides which are toxic
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phytoplankton Diatoms
They are like glass.
Their top section fits
over the bottom section
like a box.
Essential food source
for zooplankton and
larger organisms such
as clams.
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Dinoflagellates
Has two flagella ( whip like organs to move)
Prefer warmer water
Red Tides are caused by Gonyaulax & Gymnodinium
Can be bioluminescent
Are Red- Green Christmas colors
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The Phytoplankton
Dinoflagellates
Asexual reproduction
causes blooms are known as Red
Tides
Ceratium
spec.
Some Dinoflagellates produce
toxins that accumulate in the
food chain and may affect other
organisms
Many Dinoflagellates are auto- and
heterotroph, some are only
heterotroph
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Zooplankton Groups
Zoo= Animal plankton
Meroplankton – spend the juvenile part of
their lifecycle in the plankton
Holoplankton – permanent members of the
plankton
Live in the pelagic ( open ocean)
environment
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Plankton Net
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Asteronella
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Benthocodon
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Bolonopsis
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Ceratium
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Chaetocerus
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Copepod
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Copepod
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Ctenophore
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Ctenophore
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Cubozoan
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Gastropod larva
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Magacytophanes
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Nautilus
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Pandea
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Peridinium
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Pfiesteria
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Strombidium
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Thalassoria
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Themisto
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Data Results 1
Open Ocean Plankton Density
Copepods
Shri mp
Crabs
Fish Larvae
Worms
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Data Results 2
Coral Reef Plankton Density
Copepods
Shri mp
Crabs
Fish Larvae
Worms
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Data Results 3
Open W at er/Coral Reef Density Comparisons
0.2500
0.2000
0.1500
Densit y
0.1000
Open W at er
Coral Reef
0.0500
0.0000
Coral Reef
Copepods
Shrimp
Types
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Crabs
Open W at er
Fish
Larv ae
Worms
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The Zooplankton
Foraminifera and Radiolaria
Both are single-celled .They eat phytoplankton &
zooplankton. Daily migration for food & safety.
Foraminiferans are made of calcium carbonate
Radiolarians are made of silica which is glass
Their skeletons form thick layers of Foraminiferan
or Radiolarian ooze in the deep ocean.
They can be indicators of undersea oil deposits.
(Radiolaria)
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Foraminifera
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Other relevant groups of zooplankton
Meroplankton: Larvae
Planktonic larvae occur in
virtually all phyla;
Trochophora
larvae
(Spiralia)
Echinodermata
Sand dollars
Crustacea
Crabs called Zoea
Cnidaria
Jellyfish
Nemertini & Annelida
Worms
Bryozoa
Coral like
Porifera
Sponge
Mollusca
Veliger
Also Fish larvae belong to
the plankton (Ichthyoplankton)
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MEROPLANKTON only plankton as juveniles
Molluscs, annelids, chaetognatha, crustaceans
Examples of organisms that begin their life as
Plankton;
Pteropds which are mollusks
Planktonic squids
Annelida worms
Chaetognatha (arrow worms)
1mm
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5mm
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Flotation mechanisms
Strategies to avoid sinking: decrease of density
• replacement of heavy chemical ions by osmotically
similar lighter ones
Noctiluca miliaris and cranchid squids: NH4Cl (1.01 g/cm3)
enriched; seawater (1.025 g/cm3)
Salps, ctenophores, heteropods: Substitution of the heavy
SO42-by the lighter Cl-) Cl (1.01 g/cm3) enriched; seawater
(1.025 g/cm3)
• oils and fats
copepods: excess food stored
as oil droplets under carapace
diatoms: storage of oil drops
• gas-filled floats
Hydrozoa: Physalia and Velella
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Flotation mechanisms
Strategies to avoid sinking
surface of resistance
Small body size
the smaller the organisms the greater the
ratio of surface area to volume
Development of spines and body
projections add surface area but little
weight
Development of flattened body shapes
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Primary Producers
Primary Producers
Kelp forests are one of the ocean’s most productive habitats.
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© 2002 Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc.
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FOOD WEBS
* Energy flows through living systems, but matter is recycled.
* Primary producers, called autotrophs, synthesize glucose
by the
process of photosynthesis or chemosynthesis.
* Heterotrophs cannot synthesize glucose, and must
consume
autotrophs or other heterotrophs for food.
* Feeding relationships resemble webs.
* Phytoplankton are some of the world’s most important
producers;
zooplankton are the most abundant consumers in the
ocean.
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Plankton
Plankton Trap
Plankton are drifting autotrophs. Plankton is a group of many species,
some photosynthetic and some chemosynthetic. Scientists can collect and
study plankton using plankton nets.
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Feeding Relationships
Food Chain Example
This is just a dummy box----------------------------------------------
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Factors That Limit Productivity
What factors could limit primary productivity?
Water
Carbon dioxide
Inorganic nutrients
Sunlight
Since water and carbon dioxide are in good
supply in the ocean, the factors that usually limit
primary productivity are inorganic nutrients and
sunlight.
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Global Distribution of Plankton Productivity
This is a dummy box
The distribution of phytoplankton corresponds to the distribution of
macronutrients. The productivity of plankton varies between the
seasons.
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Larger Marine Producers
Some oceanic autotrophs are attached (remember,
plankton are drifters). Attached autotrophs are forms of
protists we commonly call algae, or seaweed. Seaweeds
can be classified based on the type of pigments they have.
Chlorophytes are green due to the presence of chlorophyll
and the lack of accessory pigments.
Phaeophytes are brown. They contain chlorophyll and the
secondary pigment fucoxanthin
Rhodophytes These seaweeds get their red color from the
accessory pigments called phycobilius.
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Larger Marine Producers
Rhodophytes can be encrusting (a) or erect (b).
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Aquatic Plants
Angiosperms are advanced vascular
plants that reproduce with flowers and
seed.
Sea grasses are found on the coasts.
Their seeds are distributed by water. Sea
grasses are very productive as compared
to phytoplankton.
Mangroves are found in sediment rich
lagoons, bays and estuaries.
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The end
Produced by Phyllis Butler